Village Scouts (Thai: ลูกเสือชาวบ้าน, RTGS: Luksuea Chaoban) is the common name of a right-wing, ultranationalist social movement[1] and paramilitary militia of volunteers from rural Thailand. It is a countrywide organization that the King and Queen of Thailand have sponsored since 1972 in order to promote national unity.[2] It was first founded by the Thai Border Patrol Police (BPP) under the aegis of the Ministry of Interior.[3]
20th century Village Scouts
editThe Village Scouts were mustered from 1971 on to fight the communist insurgency and the pro-democracy movement in Thailand[1] as well as the progressive Farmers' Federation of Thailand. They were modeled on the "grass roots" defense organizations in South Vietnam. At their core were rich and independent farmers. The king and the royal family visited Village Scout units to bless their scarves and flags.[4] The Village Scouts would act as "ears and eyes" of the government and report strangers entering their villages to local officials.[1] A short time after the establishment of the Village Scouts, over five million Thais, or 10 percent of the population, had completed the organization's five-day training course.[5] From 1971 to 1985, more than ten million adult Thais had gone through Village Scout training.[3]
The Village Scouts were deployed to counter the protests of the pro-democracy and students movement. They were called via radio to occupy strategic points in all major towns during the protests against US bases in the country and against the return of ousted military dictators Thanom Kittikachorn and Praphas Charusathien. The probably best-known, and most impactful, mission of the Village Scouts was during the anti-leftist rally that led to the Thammasat University massacre on 6 October 1976,[4] in which at least 46 people were killed and led to the subsequent coup d'état and return to military rule.
By appealing more and more to urban, right-wing conservatives, the organization gradually moved away from its poor, rural base.[3] The movement fizzled out during the 1980s.
21st century Village Scouts
editThe Village Scouts re-emerged as an ultranationalist mass organization after the turn of the millennium against the backdrop of the Muslim separatist conflict in the three southernmost provinces.[6]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Bowie, Katherine A. (2005), "The State and the Right Wing: The Village Scout Movement in Thailand", Social Movements: An Anthropological Reader, Blackwell Publishing, pp. 46–65
- ^ Muecke, Marjorie (1980). "The Village Scouts of Thailand". Asian Survey. 20 (4): 407–427. doi:10.2307/2643866. JSTOR 2643866.
- ^ a b c Streckfuss, David (2011), Truth on Trial in Thailand: Defamation, Treason and Lèse-majesté, Routledge, pp. 213–214
- ^ a b Suksamran, Somboon (1982). Buddhism and Politics in Thailand; A Study of Socio-Political Change and Political Activism of the Thai Sangha. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 76–83. ISBN 9971902435. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
- ^ Harrison, Rachel V. (2010), "The Man with the Golden Gauntlets: Mit Chaibancha's Insi Thorng and the Hybridization of Red and Yellow Perils in Thai Cold War Action Cinema", Cultures at War: The Cold War and Cultural Expression in Southeast Asia, Cornell Southeast Asia, p. 208
- ^ Horstmann, Alexander (2007), "Violence, Subversion and Creativity in the Thai-Malaysian Borderland", Borderscapes: Hidden Geographies and Politics at Territory's Edge, University of Minnesota Press, p. 149