Wikipedia

Vinnie Ream

Lavinia Ellen "Vinnie" Ream Hoxie (September 25, 1847 – November 20, 1914) was an American sculptor. Her most famous work is the statue of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln in the United States Capitol rotunda.[1] Ream's Statue of Sequoyah and Statue of Samuel J. Kirkwood are both part of the National Statuary Hall collection. Other notable works by Ream include the Statue of David Farragut and the Bust of Edwin B. Hay, which are also both located in Washington, D.C. Additionally, Ream created works which were displayed at The Woman's Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.

Vinnie Ream
Born
Lavinia Ellen Ream

(1847-09-25)September 25, 1847
Madison, Territory of Wisconsin, U.S.
DiedNovember 20, 1914(1914-11-20) (aged 67)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Known forSculpture
Spouse
​
(m. 1878)​

After the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson failed to result in Johnson's conviction, Ream was used as a scapegoat by Radical Republicans for their failure to secure a conviction, being accused by them of manipulating Senator Edmund Ross, who had been boarding at her home, to cast his vote to acquit Johnson.

Early life

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Lavinia Ellen Ream was born September 25, 1847, in Madison, Wisconsin.[1] Her father, Robert, was a surveyor for the Surveyor General of the Northwest Territory and a Wisconsin Territory civil servant. Her mother was a McDonald of Scottish ancestry.[2] Her brother Robert enlisted in the Confederate army, in Arkansas, serving in Woodruff's Battery.[3] Vinnie attended Christian College in Columbia, Missouri, now known as Columbia College. A portrait of Martha Washington by Ream hangs in St. Clair Hall.[4][5]

Career

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Ream portrait with Lincoln bust

In 1861, her family moved to Washington, D.C. After her father's health began to fail, she began working outside the home to support her family.[6] Ream was one of the first women to be employed by the federal government, as a clerk in the dead letter office of the United States Post Office from 1862 to 1866 during the American Civil War. She sang at the E Street Baptist Church, and for the wounded at Washington, D.C. hospitals.[7] She collected materials for the Grand Sanitary Commission.[8]

In 1863, James S. Rollins introduced Ream to sculptor Clark Mills.[9] She became an apprentice in Mills's sculpting studio the next year, at the age of seventeen.[6] In 1864, President Lincoln agreed to model for her in the morning for five months, and she created a bust of his figure.[4] During this time, Ream also began intense public relations efforts, selling photographs of herself and soliciting newspaper attention as a marketing strategy.[6]

Ream was the youngest artist and first woman to receive a commission as an artist from the U.S. government for a statue.[10] She was awarded the commission for the full-size Carrara marble statue of Lincoln by a vote of Congress on July 28, 1866, when she was 18 years old.[11] She had used her previous bust of Lincoln as her entry into the selection contest for the full-size sculpture. There was significant debate over her selection as the sculptor, however, because of concern over her inexperience and the slanderous accusations that she was a "lobbyist", or a public woman of questionable reputation. She was known for her beauty and her conversational skills, which likely contributed to these accusations.[6] She worked in a studio in Room A of the basement of the Capitol.[12]

 
Vinnie Ream, c.1870, albumen print (carte-de-visite) by Mathew B. Brady, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, Department of Image Collections.[13]

Senator Edmund G. Ross boarded with Ream's family during the impeachment trial of United States President Andrew Johnson.[14][15] Ross cast what was seen as the decisive vote against the removal of President Johnson from office, and Ream was accused of influencing his vote. She was almost thrown out of the Capitol with her unfinished Lincoln statue.[6][16] The House had passed a resolution turning the room she was using as a studio into a Capitol Police guardroom to house Charles Woolley while he was being held in contempt of Congress for his failure to answer questions presented in a House investigation being conducted into possible corrupt influences behind the Senate vote regarding Johnson's removal. This forced Ream to move her work into the hallway.[15][17][18] Conservatives accused Benjamin Butler of having _targeted Ream with his successful resolution to turn her studio into a Capitol Police guardroom.[19] Much of the news press expressed outrage at this retributory action towards Ream. The New York Times called it a "paltry piece of petty persecution," and the Daily National Intelligencer called the move a "wretched piece of petty malevolence and partisan proscription". The New York World wrote a very critical article under the headline, "How Beaten Impeachers Make War on Women". A minority of press outlets, however, did support the move, with The New York Tribune characterizing newsmen supportive of Ream's cause as "kitten-hearted Washington correspondents" jumping to defend a woman that they claimed had proven herself apt at using "hen power" to manipulate others.[15] Ream feared that removing her statue of Lincoln from the studio space would destroy it.[15] Ultimately, the intervention of powerful New York sculptors and her friend Congressman Thaddeus Stevens prevented it her from being ejected from the Capitol. Stevens had been a house manager (prosecutor) in the impeachment trial.[6][15][16] and on July 20, 1868, the House passed a resolution granting her permission to utilize the space as a studio for another year.[15][16]

Once the U.S. government had approved the plaster model, Ream traveled to Paris, Munich, Florence, then Rome, to produce a finished marble figure.[4][6] She studied with Léon Bonnat in Paris, also producing busts of Gustave Doré, Père Hyacynthe, Franz Liszt, and Giacomo Antonelli.[20] Her studio in Rome was at 45 Via de San Basile.[21] She met Georg Brandes at that time.[22][23] While in Rome, she faced controversial rumors that claimed that it was the Italian workmen and not Ream who were responsible for her successful sculpture of Lincoln.[6]

 
Ream's statue of Abraham Lincoln in the rotunda of the U.S. Capitol[24][25]

When the statue was complete, Ream returned to Washington. On January 25, 1871, her white marble statue of United States President Abraham Lincoln was unveiled in the United States Capitol rotunda, when Ream was only 23 years old.[26] She later opened a studio at 704 Broadway, New York City.[27] In 1871, she exhibited at the American Institute Fair.[28][29]

She returned to Washington and opened a studio and salon at 235 Pennsylvania Avenue.[30] She was unsuccessful in her entry in the Thomas statue competition.[31] In 1875, George Armstrong Custer sat for a portrait bust.[32] In 1876, she exhibited at the Centennial Exposition.[33] In November 1877, she produced a model for a Lee statue in Richmond.[34] After lobbying William Tecumseh Sherman and Mrs. Farragut, she won a competition to sculpt Admiral David G. Farragut. Her sculpture, located at Farragut Square, Washington, D.C. was dedicated on April 25, 1881.[35]

Ream married Richard L. Hoxie, of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, on May 28, 1878.[36] They had one son. Her husband was reassigned to Montgomery, Alabama, and Saint Paul, Minnesota. Her work would basically cease during her marriage because Richard felt it wasn't proper for a Victorian wife to earn money, and she followed his wishes.[37] Finally, the Hoxies lived at 1632 K Street near Farragut Square,[38] and had a summer home at 310 South Lucas Street, Iowa City, Iowa.[39][40]

Her marbles, America, The West, and Miriam, were exhibited in the Woman's Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.[41][42] Ream designed the Statue of Sequoyah, the first free-standing statue of a Native American to be displayed in Statuary Hall of the United States Capitol.[10]

She died in Washington on November 20, 1914.[10] Ream and her husband are buried in section three of Arlington National Cemetery, marked by her statue Sappho.[43]

Legacy

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A first-day cover stamp was issued in honor of Ream and her work on the statue of Sequoyah, the Native American inventor of the Cherokee syllabary. George Caleb Bingham painted her portrait twice.[9] The town of Vinita, Oklahoma, was named in honor of Ream.[44]

References

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b "Vinnie Ream". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  2. ^ "Vinnie Ream (Hoxie) homepage". vinnieream.com. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  3. ^ Cooper 2009, p. 3.
  4. ^ a b c "Vinnie Ream, Christian College's first artist". Columbia College spotlight stories. Columbia College. January 24, 2011. Archived from the original on March 26, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  5. ^ "Vinnie Ream (1847–1914)". Historic Missourians. State Historical Society of Missouri. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Dabakis 2008.
  7. ^ Cooper 2009, p. 7.
  8. ^ Cooper 2009, p. 11.
  9. ^ a b "Contributors to Missouri History: Vinnie Ream Hoxie". Missouri Historical Review. Vol. 90, no. 1. State Historical Society of Missouri. October 1995. p. inside back cover. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  10. ^ a b c "Vinnie Ream Hoxie". Chippewa Herald-Telegram. November 24, 1914. p. 2. Retrieved March 17, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.  
  11. ^ Hoxie & Hoxie 1908, p. 4.
  12. ^ Cooper 2009, p. 26.
  13. ^ "National Gallery of Art Library". library.nga.gov. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
  14. ^ Cooper 2009, pp. 73–81.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Roderick, Lee (February 1976). "Mallet, Chisel, And Curls". American Heritage. 27 (2). Retrieved October 16, 2022.
  16. ^ a b c Gravley, Jennifer. "Stafford Library: Vinnie Ream: Home". library.ccis.edu. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  17. ^ Pareene, Alex (November 21, 2019). "Making Impeachment Matter". The New Republic. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  18. ^ Stewart, David O. (2009). Impeached: The Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln's Legacy. Simon and Schuster. pp. 299–301. ISBN 978-1416547495.
  19. ^ Wineapple, Brenda (2019). The impeachers : The Trial of Andrew Johnson and The Dream of a Just Nation (First ed.). New York. p. 400. ISBN 978-0812998368.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ^ "Vinnie Ream". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  21. ^ Cooper 2009, p. 122.
  22. ^ Cooper 2009, pp. 126–129.
  23. ^ Brandes, Georg Morris Cohen (1906). Reminiscences of My Childhood and Youth. New York: Duffield. pp. 318.
  24. ^ "Abraham Lincoln Statue". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
  25. ^ "Vinnie Ream". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
  26. ^ Hoxie & Hoxie 1908, pp. 15–17.
  27. ^ Cooper 2009, p. 149.
  28. ^ Cooper 2009, p. 154.
  29. ^ "American Institute Fair. The Fortieth Annual Exhibition A Large Display in the Different Branches of Art, Agriculture and Manufacture" (PDF). The New York Times. September 6, 1871.
  30. ^ Cooper 2009, p. 157.
  31. ^ Cooper 2009, pp. 167–168.
  32. ^ Cooper 2009, p. 205.
  33. ^ Cooper 2009, p. 210.
  34. ^ Cooper 2009, p. 220.
  35. ^ Goode, James M (1974). The Outdoor Sculpture of Washington, D.C.. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 101. ISBN 0-87474-149-1.
  36. ^ Hoxie & Hoxie 1908, pp. 56–57.
  37. ^ Scottish Rite Journal, September/October 2018, page 23
  38. ^ Hoxie & Hoxie 1908, p. 57.
  39. ^ MacDonald, John J. (April 1975). "Vinnie Ream Hoxie at Iowa and Elsewhere". Books at Iowa. 22 (22). University of Iowa: 20–34. doi:10.17077/0006-7474.1367.
  40. ^ Cooper 2009, p. 261.
  41. ^ Nichols, K. L. "Women's Art at the World's Columbian Fair & Exposition, Chicago 1893". Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  42. ^ Hoxie, Vinnie Ream (1894). "Lincoln and Farragut". In Eagle, Mary Kavanaugh Oldham (ed.). The Congress of Women: Held in the Woman's Building, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, U.S.A., 1893. Chicago: Monarch Book Company. pp. 603–608.
  43. ^ Jacob, Kathryn Allamong (1998). Testament to Union: Civil War monuments in Washington, Part 3. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5861-1.
  44. ^ Vinita Oklahoma Area Chamber of Commerce promoting visitor information for the purpose of relocation & tourism Archived August 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine

Bibliography

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