In organic chemistry, a vinyl group (abbr. Vi;[1] IUPAC name: ethenyl group[2]) is a functional group with the formula −CH=CH2. It is the ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) molecule (H2C=CH2) with one fewer hydrogen atom. The name is also used for any compound containing that group, namely R−CH=CH2 where R is any other group of atoms.
An industrially important example is vinyl chloride, precursor to PVC,[3] a plastic commonly known as vinyl.
Vinyl is one of the alkenyl functional groups. On a carbon skeleton, sp2-hybridized carbons or positions are often called vinylic. Allyls, acrylates and styrenics contain vinyl groups. (A styrenic crosslinker with two vinyl groups is called divinyl benzene.)
Vinyl polymers
editVinyl groups can polymerize with the aid of a radical initiator or a catalyst, forming vinyl polymers. Vinyl polymers contain no vinyl groups. Instead they are saturated. The following table gives some examples of vinyl polymers.
| Monomer example | Example of resulting polymer |
|---|---|
| Vinyl chloride | Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) |
| Vinyl fluoride | Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) |
| Vinyl acetate | Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) |
Synthesis and reactivity
editVinyl derivatives are alkenes. If activated by an adjacent group, the increased polarization of the bond gives rise to characteristic reactivity, which is termed vinylogous:
- In allyl compounds, where the next carbon is saturated but substituted once, allylic rearrangement and related reactions are observed.
- Allyl Grignard reagents (organomagnesiums) can attack with the vinyl end first.
- If next to an electron-withdrawing group, conjugate addition (Michael addition) can occur.
Vinyl organometallics, e.g. vinyllithium and vinyl tributyltin, participate in vinylations including coupling reactions such as in Negishi coupling.
History and etymology
editThe radical was first reported by Henri Victor Regnault in 1835 and initially named aldehydène. Due to the incorrect measurement of the atomic mass of carbon it was believed to be C4H6 at the time. Then in 1839 it was renamed by Justus von Liebig to "acetyl", because he believed it to be the radical of the acetic acid.[4]
The modern term was coined by German chemist Hermann Kolbe in 1851, who rebutted Liebig's hypothesis.[5] However even in 1860 Marcellin Berthelot still based the name he coined for acetylene on Liebig's nomenclature and not on Kolbe's.
The etymology of "vinyl" is the Latin vinum = "wine", and the Greek word "hylos" 'υλος (matter or material), because of its relationship with ethyl alcohol.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Rules for abbreviation of protecting groups p.310
- ^ IUPAC Provisional Recommendations 2004 Chapter 5
- ^ Endo, Kiyoshi (December 2002). "Synthesis and structure of poly(vinyl chloride)". Progress in Polymer Science. 27 (10): 2021–2054. doi:10.1016/S0079-6700(02)00066-7.
- ^ Constable, Edwin C.; Housecroft, Catherine E. (2020-04-20). "Before Radicals Were Free – the Radical Particulier of de Morveau". Chemistry. 2 (2): 293–304. doi:10.3390/chemistry2020019. ISSN 2624-8549.
- ^ H. Kolbe (1851), "On the chemical constitution and nature of organic radicals," The Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London, 3 (4) : 369-405; see footnote on page 376.