The voiceless glottal affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨ʔ͡h⟩ and ⟨ʔ͜h⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ?_h. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding ⟨ʔh⟩ in the IPA and ?h in X-SAMPA.
| Voiceless glottal affricate | |
|---|---|
| ʔh | |
| IPA number | 113 146 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ʔh |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0294 U+0068 |
| X-SAMPA | ?_h |
Features
editFeatures of the voiceless glottal affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is glottal, which means it is articulated at and by the vocal cords (vocal folds).
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Yuxi dialect[1][2] | 可 | [ʔ͡ho˥˧] | 'can, may' | Corresponds to /kʰ/ in Standard Chinese.[2][3] |
| English | Received Pronunciation[4] | hat | [ʔ͡haʔt] | 'hat' | Possible allophone of /h/, especially in stressed syllables.[4] See English phonology |
| Tinputz | [example needed] | Allophone of /ʔ/[5] | |||
| Tzeltal | [example needed] | Allophone of /ʔ/[6] | |||
Notes
edit- ^ Yang (1969), pp. 393–394.
- ^ a b Colarusso (2012), p. 2.
- ^ Yang (1969), p. 394.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 148.
- ^ Hostetler, Roman and Hostetler, Carolyn. 1975. A Tentative Description of Tinputz Phonology. In Loving, Richard (ed.), Workers in Papua New Guinea Languages: Phonologies of Five Austronesian Languages. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- ^ Kaufman, Terrence. 1971. Tzeltal Phonology and Morphology. Berkeley / Los Angeles: University of California Press.
References
edit- Colarusso, John (2012), The Typology of the Gutturals (PDF)
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Yang, Shifeng (1969), A Report of Investigating Dialects in Yunnan Province [雲南方言調查報告]