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Władysław Umiński

Władysław Umiński (10 November 1865 – 31 December 1954) was a Polish journalist, fiction author, and science educator. An early science-fiction writer, he has been dubbed "the Polish Jules Verne".

Władysław Umiński
Władysław Umiński in 1922
Umiński in 1922
Born(1865-11-10)10 November 1865
Przedecz, Congress Poland, Russian Empire
Died31 December 1954(1954-12-31) (aged 89)
Warsaw, Poland
Resting placePowązki Cemetery
OccupationWriter
LanguagePolish
Alma materSaint Petersburg University
PeriodPolish positivism
GenreScience fiction
Notable worksZaziemskie światy
Notable awardsOfficer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
SpouseAnna Natalia Bejn

His writings also featured themes of exploration and adventure, and advocated for Polish independence. Most of his writings are classed as young-adult literature.

Life

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Władysław Umiński was born 10 November 1865, in the Russian partition of Poland, at the village of Przedecz.[1] His father, Julian Umiński, was a painter; his mother, Tekla, a teacher.[2]: 118 [3]: 435  He had three siblings.[4]: 585  In 1874 the family moved to Warsaw, where he attended gymnasium and real school. At 15 he wrote his first fiction, the short story "Z Korsyki" ("From Corsica"), and published it in the magazine Przyjaciel Dzieci [pl] (The Children's Friend).[3]: 436 [5][6][a]

After obligatory service in the Imperial Russian Army (as a sapper), he studied in the Department of Natural Sciences at Saint Petersburg University.[3]: 436 [7]: 586 [6] In Saint Petersburg he organized a Polish-language library for local Poles.[3]: 436  In the late 1880s he returned to Warsaw and worked for an artesian-well company, cataloged books at the Warsaw University of Technology library, and gave guest lectures on topics in the natural sciences and technology. He also participated in underground education.[3]: 436 

From 1888, for some two decades, he contributed to — sometimes edited or published — various periodicals. He wrote science columns such as "Chemistry", "The scientific movement", "Pure and applied science", "The scientist's workshop", and "Science Chronicles". Periodicals that he worked with included Czytelnia dla wszystkich [pl] (The Universal Library, 1903–05, which he edited and published in 1904), Dziennik Kijowski [pl] (editor, after 1905), Dziennik Wileński, Gazeta Warszawska (1898–1901), Gazeta Wileńska (editor, 1905), Kurier Codzienny [pl] (1897–1904), Kurier Warszawski (1888–1923; which likely was where his first popular science article was published – about cattle), Miesiąc Ilustrowany (1912–1913/14, editor and publisher), Nowa Gazeta [pl] (1906–1915), Ogrodnik (editor, 1898), Pielgrzym [pl], Prawda [pl] (1894–1910), Przyjaciel Młodzieży (c. mid-1910s) Rolnik i Hodowca, Tygodnik Illustrowany (1896–1899), Tygodnik Mód i Powieści [pl] (1895–1914), Wędrowiec [pl] (1888–1900) and Wieczory Rodzinne [pl] (1909–1912, editor and publisher).[8]: 328 [6][3]: 436 [9] After World War I he reduced his journalistic activities, although in 1933 he wrote some content for the aviation magazine Lot Polski [pl].[3]: 436 

In 1891 he published his first novel Zwycięzcy oceanu (Conquerors of the Ocean), which received a number of editions since (as well as a translation to Czech).[3]: 436  In 1894 he published his second novel, and the first featuring a (slightly) futuristic gadget, and thus classified as his first science fiction novel (Balonem do bieguna (Balloon To The Pole); featuring a balloon-airplane hybrid).[10]: 70–71  He would go to publish many more novels over the coming years, often, several in a single year. Many would be first published in various magazines he was associated with.[6][7]: 586 [11]: 205 [9]: 435–438  Many of his books were published by the Gebethner i Wolff [pl] publishing house.[6] In addition to fiction, he also wrote books about science; starting with the aviation-themed Żegluga powietrzna. Balony i aerostaty. Lot ptaków. Maszyny latające. Baterya gazowa do celów aeronautyki (1894). That book, like many of his other science books, were also well received. His 1899 Ocean i jego tajemnice was for some time the first and only Polish-language book about oceanic marine biology; likwise, his is Nansen pośród lodów północy. Odczyt ludowy from the same year credited as the first Polish publication related to the research on the polar regions.[9] In 1921 he published a 15 volume set of his collected works in the series Wybór powieści dla młodzieży (Selection of Novels for the Youth).[7]: 586  In 1926 he published a novelized version of travel chronicle of Polish scout and explorer, Jerzy Jeliński.[3]: 438 

Although he wrote about many science topics, from engineering to biology and environmental sciences (some of his works were even used in teaching curricula in high schools), it is likely aviation was his biggest passion. In his youth he constructed models of flying machines and worked in the Museum of Industry and Agriculture, where he met Marie Curie; he also claimed to have invented a military electrocution device, and worked, unsuccessfully, on designed a reciprocating engine for a flying machine.[5][6][9][12] Due to financial difficulties, he could not realize his ideas in reality, which was one of his motivations for literary endeavours.[10]: 67–69  He founded first registered aviation club in Poland, in Warsaw (sources vary with regard to the date: 1895[8]: 328  or 1889[13][9]). His 1911 novel Samolotem naokoło świata, and possibly some earlier works, popularized the modern Polish word for the airplane (samolot), which he is sometimes credited with coining in that context.[14]: 99 [6]

Throughout his life, he travelled abroad, as he described later in life, often "with next to no money".[5] Before World War I, he travelled to North and South America; after the war, he visited Brasil Turkey, Italy, France and United Kingdom.[7]: 586 [3]: 436  During the period of Second Polish Republic he lived in Bydgoszcz, later in Warsaw.[6] After Poland regained independence, he worked for several government institututions (Emigration Department in 1918; press representative for the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in 1921, later, Film Office).[3]: 436  He was a member of the Professional Association of the Polish Writers [pl] (Związek Zawodowy Literatów Polskich, ZZLP). In 1949 he also joined the Polish Writers' Union.[3]: 436  During World War II his house was destroyed during the German invasion of Poland. Since then he lived in Milanówek near Warsaw.[6]

 
Umiński's grave

In 1952 he was awarded the Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta for his lifetime literary achievements.[15] However, around that time he was also in poor financial situation, as the communist regime at that time saw his works as ideologically suspect (he was criticized in particular for favorable portrayal of the United States), and did not support their republication, particularly as Umiński continued to try to get them published through the private Gebethner i Wolff publishing house at the time private enterprises were increasingly discriminated against. Some of his works were temporarily banned by the censorship agency.[6] His final novel, science fiction story Zaziemskie światy (Otherworldly Worlds), finished during wartime, was held by censors who cancelled the initial print in 1948, it was published posthumously in 1956.[6][3]: 438 

Umiński died on 31 December 1954 in Warsaw.[1] He was buried in the Powązki Cemetery.[5] He left an unfinished novel manuscript, Świat za lat tysiąc (The World in a Thousand Years), which was likely inspired by Wells' The Time Machine.[16]: lxv  Another novel finished near the end of his life, O własnych siłach (about wartime orphans), and its sequel, were never published and are now considered lost.[6]

Analysis

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His works have featured the themes of science fiction, exploration and adventure, as well as support for Polish independence.[1] He has been called "the founding father of Polish works about exotic travel and adventures".[17]: 494  His science fiction motif was tied to his intend to popularize science.[7]: 586  Most of his works have been classified as young adult literature.[11]: 205 

Polish literary critics and historians of literature, Andrzej Niewiadowski [pl] and Antoni Smuszkiewicz [pl] noted that protagonists of his stories are almost universally charismatic "brave explores, often scientists and brilliant engineers", who use cutting-edge inventions (planes, submarines, etc.) to "establish contact with another civilization, challenge nature... overcome their own fear, prove the strength and power of man who can overcome all obstacles..." and pave way to a brigher future. The books are optimistic; Niewiadomski and Smuszkiewicz write further that "In the clash with nature, civilization achieves an unquestionable victory", and the characters grow through adversity.[11]: 205  A recurring motif in his works is the failure of advanced gadgets, which the protagonists have to fix or improve to show off their skills – a theme related to the education promotion, as well as the popular in era of the Polish positivism (see also organic work, grassroots work [pl]; although Umiński wrote most of his science-fiction works during the era of Young Poland, educational character of his works means they are seen as part of the earlier positivist era).[11]: 205 [10]: 67  His characters also resemble those of Jules Verne, which can be simply described as Nietzschean Übermensch.[11]: 205 

Umiński's work have also been seen as promoting the cause of Polish independence. Many of his works, mostly written during the period of partitions of Poland, feature Polish protagonists, inventions attributed to Polish scientists or entrepreneurs, and expeditions organized and led by Poles.[11]: 205 

From modern perspective, his works have been criticized for not delving into societal issues or transformation of future society, and his science fiction ideas have been noted to have been not particularly revolutionary or imaginative, rather, simple extrapolations and improvements of existing technologies (gramophones, submarines, aircraft).[11]: 205 [10]: 70  On the other hand, Smuszkiewicz noted that this meant the inventions presented in his works were more realistic than those of Verne or Wells.[10]: 69–70  Many of the devices he described in his books have become a reality within a few years of their publication.[10]: 74  He has been known to adjust details of his inventions in newer editions to reflect the evolving state of technology.[18]: 44 [11]: 205  Polish literary scholar Kamila Budrowska [pl] suggested that his science fiction themes should be seen more through the prism of his educational activities than experiments with imagination.[6] Nonetheless, some of his works also feature space travel, with protagonists of W nieznane światy [pl] (1895) trying to contact Mars, and Zaziemskie światy (1948), visiting Venus.[19]: 116 [20]: 61 

Umiński's positive view of technological progress changes in his late works (Zaziemskie światy) which likely reflect his wartime disappointment at the destructive consequences of said trend. In that work, Umiński promotes not technological, but moral progress.[11]: 205 

Research on Umiński's work is hampered by the fact that researchers do not have access to the author's archive, which, if it has survived, is probably in the possession of his heirs.[6]

Reception

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During his life, he authored about thirty novels and anthologies. He was active in educational activities related to popularizing science, as a writer, translator and publisher; he authored hundreds or perhaps thousands of popular science articles, as well as about forty larger brochures, sometimes classified as books.[6][7]

Niewiadomski and Smuszkiewicz called him one of the better-known Polish science fiction writers.[11]: 205  Nonetheless, while Umiński was popular during his lifetime, he has been described as "forgotten" by modern readers, and Budrowska suggested that he is much better known these days among the scholars (particularly of Polish science fiction and literature) than average readers.[6][5][9][12]

His works were popular during his lifetime and received numerous editions.[7]: 586 [11]: 205  There is some disagreement concerning whether they have aged well. Already in 1955 a reviewer noted that his works have not aged well and have mostly historical value.[21]: 190 A similar view was endorsed 2013 by Damian Makuch, who noted that after Umiński's death his works suffered from lack of updating with regards to current technological developments,[12] while Smuszkiewicz in 1982 noted that reprints of his work use the first edition version to stress the historica, anachronistic theme.[10] In 2015 by a Kamila Budrowska suggested that already the youth of the 1950s did not appreciate Umiński's style.[6] However, Krystyna Jakowska [pl] in 2006 noted that "due to good action scenes, some of his works are still published today".[7]: 586  Likewise, Niewiadomski and Smuszkiewicz note that despite the increasing obsolescence of the science-fictionish gadgets featured in his works, the stories themselves benefit from "a compact, interestingly constructed plot modeled on the adventurous novels of Thomas Mayne Reid and Robert Louis Stevenson, a simple narrative, and not too obtrusive didacticism, so they are still well-deservedly popular with readers."[11]: 205 

He has been recognized as one of the precursors of science fiction literature in Poland[11]: 205  and called the "Polish Jules Verne".[22]: 7 [7]: 586  The comparison to Verne was made as early as 1895 by a reviewer writing for magazine Niwa [pl].[11]: 205  Smuszkiewicz did note that despite this comparison, Umiński's works are not as innovative with regards to both science fiction themes and the plot construction as those of Verne's, although he notes that his works had significant value in terms of educating youth about science and patrotism.[10]: 68  He has also been compared to Henryk Sienkiewicz with regards to his action scenes.[9]

Private life

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He married Anna Natalia Bejn, who died shortly before him in 1951.[3]: 436 [6] They had a daughter who died in 1945.[4]: 586 

Selected works

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Podróż bez pieniędzy, 1906 edition

The following list contains primarily his fiction. Omitted are his non-fiction works and translations.[b]

Notes

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  1. ^ However, Krystyna Kuliczkowska [pl] writing in 1973 noted that she was unable to find such a short story in the archives of the Przyjaciel Dzieci, suggesting that the story may be anecdotal, or that Umiński made some error when describing this part of his life.[4]: 586 
  2. ^ Umiński published several translations, sometimes with edits and modifications, including of works such as The Young Indian Captive by Friedrich J. Pajeken [de], Among the Ice and the Night: True Adventures in a Journey to the North Pole by Fridtjof Nansen, and The Sea Devil by Felix von Luckner[3]: 438–439 

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Umiński Władysław". Encyklopedia PWN (in Polish). Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  2. ^ Umiński, Józef Mirosław (1997). Dla ciebie, Polsko: dzieje rodu Umińskich (in Polish). Kontrast. ISBN 978-83-904712-4-2.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at Czachowska, Jadwiga (2003). Współcześni polscy pisarze i badacze literatury: słownik biobibliograficzny. Ste - V (in Polish). Wydawn. Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. ISBN 978-83-02-08697-7.
  4. ^ a b c Kuliczkowska, Krystyna (1973). Literatura okresu Młodej Polski (in Polish). Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. Instytut Badań Literackich (Polska Akademia Nauk).
  5. ^ a b c d e "Władysław Umiński – zapomniany "polski Verne"". PolskieRadio.pl. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Budrowska, Kamila (2015). "Autsajderzy literatury: Kornel Makuszyński i Władysław Umiński" (PDF). Wschodni Rocznik Humanistyczny. t. 12. Białystok: Uniwersytet w Białymstoku: 308-. ISSN 1731-982X. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Jakowska, Krystyna (2006). Podręczny słownik pisarzy polskich (in Polish). Wiedza Powszechna. ISBN 978-83-214-1360-0.
  8. ^ a b c Niewiadowski, Andrzej (1992). Literatura fantastycznonaukowa (in Polish). Wydawn. Naukowe PWN. ISBN 978-83-01-10122-0.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cieślikowa, Agnieszka J. (28 October 2018). "Władysław Umiński (1865–1954). Popularyzator przyrody i techniki". Zeszyty Prasoznawcze (in Polish). 61 (2 (234)): 316–326. doi:10.4467/22996362PZ.18.020.9115. ISSN 2299-6362.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Smuszkiewicz, Antoni (1982). Zaczarowana gra: zarys dziejów polskiej fantastyki naukowej (in Polish). Wydawn. Poznańskie. ISBN 978-83-210-0303-0.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Niewiadowski, Andrzej; Smuszkiewicz, Antoni (1990). Leksykon polskiej literatury fantastycznonaukowej (in Polish). Wydawn. Poznańskie. ISBN 978-83-210-0892-9.
  12. ^ a b c Makuch, Damian Włodzimierz (2013). "Spotkanie z Obcym. Zmyślenie ograniczone w powieści "W nieznane światy" Władysława Umińskiego". Wiek XIX. Rocznik Towarzystwa Literackiego Im. Adama Mickiewicza (in Polish). LXVIII (1): 205–226. ISSN 2080-0851.
  13. ^ Marszałek, Marta (2012). Liga Obrony Powietrznej i Przeciwgazowej oraz Liga Morska i Kolonialna jako czynnik oddziaływania władz II Rzeczypospolitej na społeczeństwo województwa śląskiego (PhD thesis) (in Polish). Uniwersytet Śląski.
  14. ^ Kędzierski, Janusz (1978). Pod niebem własnym i obcym (in Polish). Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej.
  15. ^ "Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej z dnia 17 marca 1952 r. o nadaniu odznaczeń państwowych". isap.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  16. ^ Wells, Herbert George (1983). Historia świata (in Polish). Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich; Wydawnictwo. ISBN 978-83-04-00482-5.
  17. ^ Bachórz, Józef; Kowalczykowa, Alina (1991). Słownik literatury polskiej XIX wieku (in Polish). Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. ISBN 978-83-04-03251-4.
  18. ^ Stoff, Andrzej; Brzostek, Dariusz (2005). Polska literatura fantastyczna: interpretacje (in Polish). Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Mikołaka Kopernika. ISBN 978-83-231-1907-4.
  19. ^ a b Kochanowicz, Rafał; Mrozek, Dorota; Stefaniak, Beata (2012). Fantastyka w obliczu przemian (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Poznańskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk. ISBN 978-83-7654-142-6.
  20. ^ Olkusz, Ksenia (23 August 2016). Światy grozy (in Polish). Ośrodek Badawczy Facta Ficta. ISBN 978-83-942923-0-0.
  21. ^ Poradnik Bibliotekarza (in Polish). Stowarzyczenie Bibliotekarzy Polskich. 1955.
  22. ^ Stolica (in Polish). Prasa. 1972.

Further reading

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