William Graham Claytor Jr. (March 14, 1912 – May 14, 1994) was an American attorney, United States Navy officer, and railroad, transportation and defense administrator for the United States government, working under the administrations of three US presidents.
W. Graham Claytor Jr. | |
|---|---|
 | |
| President and CEO of Amtrak | |
| In office 1982–1993 | |
| Preceded by | Alan S. Boyd |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Downs |
| 18th United States Deputy Secretary of Defense | |
| In office August 21, 1979 – January 16, 1981 | |
| President | Jimmy Carter |
| Preceded by | Charles Duncan Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Frank Carlucci |
| 63rd United States Secretary of the Navy | |
| In office February 14, 1977 – August 24, 1979 | |
| President | Jimmy Carter |
| Preceded by | J. William Middendorf |
| Succeeded by | Edward Hidalgo |
| Personal details | |
| Born | William Graham Claytor Jr. March 14, 1912 Roanoke, Virginia, U.S. |
| Died | May 14, 1994 (aged 82) Bradenton, Florida, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Frances Claytor |
| Education | University of Virginia (BA) Harvard University (LLB) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Branch/service |  United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1941–1946 |
| Rank |  Lieutenant Commander |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
He is remembered for his actions as the commanding officer of the destroyer escort USS Cecil J. Doyle during World War II, which helped to save 316 lives during the USS Indianapolis tragedy. Over 30 years later, Claytor's moderate actions on behalf of the rights of female and gay service personnel as Secretary of the Navy were considered progressive for the time. He is also credited with a distinguished transportation career, including ten years as president of the Southern Railway and 11 years as the head of Amtrak, guiding the passenger railroad through a particularly difficult period in its history. He was named the Virginian of the Year in 1977.[1]
Early life and career
editClaytor was born in Roanoke, Virginia on March 14, 1912, and grew up in both Virginia and Philadelphia. He was the son of Gertrude Harris Boatwright Claytor, a lyric poet, and W. Graham Claytor (1886–1971), who was vice-president of Appalachian Power.
Claytor graduated from the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia in 1933. He then graduated from Harvard Law School summa cum laude in 1936. He then clerked for Learned Hand, Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. He then moved to Washington, D.C., to become law clerk to U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Louis Brandeis before joining the prestigious Washington law firm Covington and Burling.
Career
editWorld War II — USS Indianapolis tragedy
editIn 1940, soon after the start of World War II, 28-year-old Claytor attempted to enlist, but was initially rejected by the United States Navy as being too old.[citation needed] He finally joined under a special provision, based upon his previous experience in sports boating. He was assigned to the Pacific Theater.
Late in the war, Claytor became commanding officer of the destroyer escort USS Cecil J. Doyle on patrol in the Pacific Ocean.[2] In August 1945, Claytor sped without orders [citation needed] to investigate reports of men floating in the water. As Cecil J. Doyle approached the area at night, Claytor turned the ship's searchlights on the water and straight up on low clouds, lighting up the night, despite the risk of exposing his ship to possible attack by Japanese submarines.[2] These actions facilitated the rescue of the survivors of the sunken cruiser USS Indianapolis.[2]
Indianapolis had been on a secret mission and, due to a communications error, had not been reported as overdue (or missing). An estimated 900 men survived the sinking, but spent days floating in life jackets trying to fight off sharks. While only 316 were rescued out of a crew of 1199 who were aboard Indianapolis, Claytor's actions were widely credited by survivors with preventing an even greater loss of life.[citation needed]
Legal practice and Southern Railway
editAfter World War II, he resumed practice of law in Washington, D.C. He became an officer of the Southern Railway in 1963, serving as president from 1967 to 1977. Notwithstanding his legal background, Claytor was known as an "operations" man, often riding the company's trains, monitoring and questioning performance.[citation needed] In contrast to his predecessor, D. William Brosnan, Claytor was an "employee's President," often chatting with the crews of the trains on which he rode, actively soliciting their suggestions on how to make the railroad run better. He carried this attitude with him during his later service as the President of Amtrak.
U.S. Government service
editClaytor served as the Secretary of the Navy under President Jimmy Carter from 1977[3] to 1979.[citation needed] He is credited with leading the United States Navy into its first recognition of women's right to serve on ships and of rights of gays to leave the service without criminal records. [citation needed] His positions were considered by activists to be progressive for the time, leading to further progress years later in these controversial issues.
In 1979, he was appointed to the position of Deputy Secretary of Defense.[citation needed] General Colin Powell served as his military assistant.[citation needed]
In the summer of 1979, he took a brief leave from the Defense Department to serve as Acting Secretary of Transportation in President Carter's Cabinet. His service at the Transportation Department bridged the tenures of Secretary Brock Adams and Secretary Neil Goldschmidt.
Amtrak
editIn 1982, Claytor came out of retirement to lead Amtrak. He was recruited and strongly supported by John H. Riley, an attorney who was also the head of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) under the Reagan Administration from 1983 to 1989.
Claytor maintained a good relationship with the U.S. Congress during his 11 years in the position. Within 7 years of being under Claytor's leadership, Amtrak was generating enough money to cover 72 percent of its $1.7 billion operating budget by 1989, up from 48 percent in 1981.[4] This was achieved mainly through vigorous cost-cutting and aggressive marketing. He is credited with bringing political and operational stability to the nation's passenger train network, keeping the railroad functioning properly despite repeated attempts by the administrations of Ronald Reagan and his successor George H. W. Bush to eliminate its funding.
Claytor retired from Amtrak in 1993.
Legacy and heritage
editClaytor was named the Virginian of the Year in 1977.[1] In 1989, he was named Railroader of the Year by Railway Age magazine.[5]
He was the brother of Robert B. Claytor, who became president of Norfolk and Western Railway in 1981 and was the first chairman and CEO of Norfolk Southern after it was formed by merger with the Southern Railway System in 1982. [citation needed] Robert B. Claytor is best remembered by many railfans for reactivating Norfolk and Western Railway's steam program, which rebuilt steam locomotives Class J 611 and Class A 1218 at the Roanoke Shops at Roanoke, Virginia, and operated excursion trips. Claytor Jr. would occasionally take the throttle as engineer with his brother on the steam excursions.[citation needed]
Claytor died on May 14, 1994.[6]
At Amtrak's Washington, DC Union Station a passenger concourse was renamed "Claytor Concourse" in his honor.[6]
"The Claytor Brothers: Virginians Building America's Railroad" is a semi-permanent exhibit at the Virginia Museum of Transportation in Roanoke, Virginia.[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "VPA's Virginian of the Year". Virginia Press Association. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
- ^ a b c Marks (April 1981), pp. 48–50.
- ^ Shutt, Anne (1982-06-11). "In Short…". Christian Science Monitor. Boston, Massachusetts: First Church of Christ, Scientist. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
- ^ Alpert, Mark (1989-10-23). "Still Chugging". Fortune. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
- ^ "Hunter Harrison presented Railroader of the Year Award – Rail Update – executive vice president and chief operating officer of Canadian National/Illinois Central – Brief Article". Railway Age. April 2002. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
- ^ a b Lyons, Richard D. (1994-05-15). "W. Graham Claytor, Architect Of Amtrak Growth, Dies at 82". New York Times. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ "The Claytor Brothers—Virginians Building America's Railroad". Exhibits. Virginia Museum of Transportation. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
- Marks, R. Adrian (April 1981). "America was Well Represented". United States Naval Institute Proceedings.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - White, John H. Jr. (Spring 1986). "America's Most Noteworthy Railroaders". Railroad History. 154: 9–15. ISSN 0090-7847. JSTOR 43523785. OCLC 1785797.
- quotes from article by journalist Don Phillips of the Washington Post in a "Tribute to W. Graham Claytor Jr." published May, 1994
- Survivors Groups official website for the U.S.S. Indianapolis Archived 2005-03-06 at the Wayback Machine
- Wrinn, Jim (2000). Steam's Camelot: Southern and Norfolk Southern Excursions in Color. TLC Publishing. ISBN 1-883089-56-5.
External links
edit- ^ L. Stanley Crane, elected in 1978 as a member of the United States National Academy of Engineering
- ^ L. Stanley Crane (born in Cincinnati, 1915) raised in Washington, lived in McLean before moving to Philadelphia in 1981. He began his career with Southern Railway after graduating from The George Washington University with a chemical engineering degree in 1938. He worked for the railroad, except for a stint from 1959 to 1961 with the Pennsylvania Railroad, until reaching the company's mandatory retirement age in 1980. Crane went to Conrail in 1981 after a distinguished career that had seen him rise to the position of CEO at the Southern Railway. He died of pneumonia on July 15, 2003 at a hospice in Boynton Beach, Fla.