Wan Kuok-koi (Chinese: 尹國駒; pinyin: Yǐn Guójū; born 1955), popularly known as Broken Tooth Koi (崩牙駒; Cantonese: bung nga keui; Mandarin: bēng yá jū),[1] is a businessman and former leader of the Macau branch of the 14K triad. He was released after more than 14 years in prison in December 2012.[1] In the years following, he has reportedly been involved in illicit gambling projects in Myanmar, associated with illicit drug production and transnational organized crime groups operating in and around the Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia).[2][3] In December 2020, the U.S. sanctioned Wan under the Global Magnitsky Act.[4][5]
Wan Kuok-koi | |
|---|---|
 Wan Kuok-koi walking on the street of Macau | |
| Born | July 29, 1955 |
| Alma mater | Lou Hau High School, Macau |
| Occupation | Leader of 14K |
Background
editWan had a tough childhood, growing up in the slums of Macau and fighting for his life on the streets before rising through the ranks of the 14K. His rise was accelerated by the arrival of another gangster, Ng Wai, whom he began to work for. As Wan's position in the 14K got higher, Wai asked him to 'eliminate' his boss, Mo-Ding Ping, an assignment which Wan accepted. This provoked a year-long turf war, ending when Ping had to flee Macau to avoid a murder charge.
Gang war with former associate
editTension between the two gangsters grew as Wai grew wary of Wan's high-profile persona. Teaming up with rival triad group the Shui Fong, a vicious turf war broke out in 1996 and 1997. In early 1997, an unsigned letter was sent to several newspapers in the area. It said: "Warning: From this day on it is forbidden to mention Broken Tooth Koi in the press; otherwise bullets will have no eyes, and knives and bullets will have no feelings."
In 1997, Wan briefly fled Macau to avoid two arrest warrants, one from a new anti-triad law enacted in Macau, and one for drug-trafficking from China. However, in August a Portuguese judge cleared Wan of all charges, and unexpectedly retired and moved back to Portugal the next day.
Wan then proceeded to attack Wai in public, putting up posters claiming he was a drug trafficker and declaring that anyone visiting Wai's casinos would become his enemy. Ultimately, Wan amassed enough power and influence and took over Wai's rackets completely. By this time he was earning $6 million a month from his legal gambling establishments.
Involvement in the film industry and arrest
editIn the autumn of 1997, Wan approached Hong Kong movie producer Henry Fong Ping to produce a film based on his life. The result was the 1998 movie Casino (aka Ho Kong Fung Wan) starring Simon Yam as Giant, a triad boss living the high life in the Macau underworld. Wan agreed to extensive research meetings to make the film as accurate as possible, as well as using his influence on Macau to help the crew film.
One of his most outrageous stunts was to close down the Macau-Taipa Bridge for some hours to allow filming of a crucial scene in the movie. The producers had asked the Macau Government for permission to film on the bridge, closing it to traffic, but permission was denied. Wan wanted the scene to be shot anyway, so he closed traffic from both sides of the bridge without any warning and the scene was filmed in this manner. Traffic to and from Macau was halted for around two hours. No local police intervention was made or any other measures by the Macau Government were taken to reopen the bridge to normal traffic flow, on what was then one of the two links between Macau mainland and Taipa-Coloane.
A week before opening night, as he watched his own movie Casino, Wan was arrested and charged with illegal gambling, loan-sharking, criminal association, and the attempted murder of chief of police Antonio Marques Baptista with a car bomb. In November 1999, in a landmark trial, he was convicted and jailed, along with eight associates including his brother Wan Kuok-hung. Wan was sentenced to 15 years in prison. All assets of the nine were confiscated.[6] His jail term was later reduced to 13 years and 10 months.[7]
Post-imprisonment: Southeast Asia, Hongmen and blockchain
editWan was released from prison on 1 December 2012 and soon re-entered the casino junkets business.[7][8][9]
In October 2017, he was part of the initial coin offering of a cryptocurrency, Dragon Coin, by a Macau-based hotel and casino corporation, Macau Dragon Group, intended to serve mainland Chinese gamblers in Macau alongside the informal 'junket' system. The ICO reportedly[10] raised US$320 million.[11] The stated goals of Dragon Coin included leveraging blockchain technology in building a Chinese cultural town in Cambodia and to organize chess and poker tournaments in Hainan.[12]: 294–295
He founded and became chairman of The World Hongmen History and Culture Association,[13] affiliated to the Hongmen, a fraternal Chinese cultural group with tens of thousands of members globally, as it expanded into Cambodia on the back of a surge of Chinese investment, both Belt and Road infrastructure and gambling-related. With the blessing of the Cambodian Government, in May 2018 he launched the organisation's headquarters there, saying "We will establish Hongmen schools in order to let foreigners and overseas Chinese study Chinese books, and to let foreigners read about [topics such as] loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, and justice."[10][14]
The opening of the new Hongmen headquarters saw the launch of another cryptocurrency, HB ('Hongmen cryptocurrency'), with Wan saying he expected to issue one billion HB, each valued at one US Dollar. At the event he said he planned to invest in e-commerce, and to launch Hongmen-related watches, tea, hotels and casinos.[15]
On 15 March 2020, Wan launched Saixigang (賽西港), a new development the Burmese border town of in Myawaddy, as chairman of the Dongmei Group.[16] This became a base for crime syndicates that exited Sihanoukville, after Cambodia launched a crackdown in 2019.[17] Wan signed the deal with the Kayin State Border Guard Force, made up of former rebels from the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army.[16] The new site was used as a center for cybercrime, using imprisoned human-trafficked Chinese workers to run get-rich-quick scams.[18]
In August 2020, Wan was appointed as chairman of Inix Technology Bhd, a publicly listed Malaysian technology company.[19] Malaysian police have linked Wan to Nicky Liow,[20] a Malaysian businessman who has been charged with multiple counts of money laundering.[21]
On December 9, 2020, he and his company, Dongmei Group, were blacklisted by the US Department of Treasury for anti-corruption purposes.[22][23] The Department of Treasury mentioned that it placed sanctions for World Hongmen History and Culture Association, said to a be a 14K Triad front.[23]
References
edit- ^ a b Carney, John; Ho, Jolie (December 2, 2012). "Notorious gangster 'Broken Tooth' freed from prison in Macau". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
- ^ "Transnational Organized Crime in Southeast Asia: Evolution, Growth and Challenges" (PDF). June 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-01-22. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
- ^ Shah, Ankur (8 November 2020). "Broken Tooth's BRI Bluff". |https://www.thewirechina.com/2020/11/08/broken-tooth/%7C[permanent dead link] The Wire China.
- ^ Talley, Ian (2020-12-09). "U.S. Sanctions Convict Who Invested in China-Backed Projects for Corruption". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 2022-08-27. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
- ^ "Treasury Sanctions Corrupt Actors in Africa and Asia". U.S. Department of the Treasury. December 9, 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
- ^ 'Broken Tooth' goes to jail Archived 2007-10-23 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 23 November 1999
- ^ a b http://www.macaudailytimes.com.mo/broken-tooth-koi-to-be-released-december-1st Archived 2012-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, Macau Daily Times, 14 Sep 2012
- ^ "Crime Lord Returns - The Standard 28 Sep 2012". Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
- ^ Carreon, Bernadette; Belford, Aubrey; Young, Martin (12 December 2022). "Pacific Gambit: Inside the Chinese Communist Party and Triad Push into Palau". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ a b Former Macau triad boss ‘Broken Tooth’ Wan Kuok-koi to use blockchain and overseas Chinese links in Cambodia venture Archived 2019-01-09 at the Wayback Machine, SCMP, 7 June 2018
- ^ Former Macau gangland boss enters into multimillion-dollar casino cryptocurrency deal Archived 2019-01-09 at the Wayback Machine, SCMP, 26 September 2017
- ^ Simpson, Tim (2023). Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-5179-0031-1.
- ^ Broken Tooth Koi's Pro-Beijing Association Launches Cambodia Office, Cryptocurrency Archived 2019-01-09 at the Wayback Machine), Gambling Compliance, 30 May 2018
- ^ ‘Broken tooth’ sets up Hongmen HQ in Cambodia Archived 2019-01-09 at the Wayback Machine, Macau Business, 4 June 2018
- ^ Wan Kuok Koi announces investment in Cambodia Archived 2019-01-09 at the Wayback Machine, Macau Daily Times, 8 June 2018
- ^ a b "Myanmar's Casino Cities: The Role of China and Transnational Criminal Networks". United States Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on 2023-11-27. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
- ^ Htet, Thu (2020-12-10). "US Sanctions Chinese Gangster Behind 'Industrial Zone' in Myanmar's Karen State". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 2023-03-02. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
- ^ Qian, Isabelle; Robles, Pablo (2023-12-17). "7 Months Inside an Online Scam Labor Camp". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-01-12. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
- ^ "Broken Tooth Koi, Inix's new chairman, in the spotlight". The Edge Malaysia. Archived from the original on 2024-01-12. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ TEE, KENNETH (2021-03-30). "IGP: Fugitive businessman Nicky Liow had ties with ex-Macau triad leader 'Broken Tooth' Wan Kuok-koi". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 2024-01-12. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ Admin (2022-04-12). "Nicky pleads not guilty to 26 counts of unlawful activities". MalaysiaGazette. Archived from the original on 2024-01-12. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ "Treasury Sanctions Corrupt Actors in Africa and Asia". U.S. Department of the Treasury. Archived from the original on 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
- ^ a b "US sanctions 'Broken Tooth' Wan Kuok-koi | Macao News". macaonews.org. Archived from the original on 2021-01-24.