The Wemba-Wemba are an Aboriginal Australian people in north-Western Victoria and south-western New South Wales, Australia, including in the Mallee and the Riverina regions. They are also known as the Wamba-Wamba.[1]
Language
editWemba-Wemba bears strong similarities to Woiwurrung.[2] When Moravian missionaries came and started to learn a language in Wemba Wemba territory, at Archibald Macarthur Camppbell's Gannawarra station, they quickly noted that the Aboriginal people, perceiving they were understood, slipped into using another language, not willing to allow this "cultural conquest" to enable the white men to learn of matters they wished to keep secret from outsiders.[3][a]
Country
editBefore European settlement in the nineteenth century, the Wemba-Wemba occupied the area around the Loddon River, reaching northwards from Kerang, Victoria to Swan Hill, and including the area of the Avoca River, southwards towards Quambatook. In a northeasterly direction, their territory ran up, over the New South Wales-Victorian border to Booroorban and Moulamein, and extended to the vicinity of Barham. Lake Boga and Boora in Victoria also fell within their domain.[1] The overall extension of their territory has been calculated by Norman Tindale to be roughly 3,200 square miles (8,300 km2).[1]
Social structure
editThe Wembawemba were registered as consisting of five hordes. Stone lists these hordes, residing around Towaninny, Meelool Station (with a name indicating they were thought to be quarrelsome), Lake Boga, Gonn on the Murray River (called the Dietjenbaluk ("always on the move"), and Bael Bael.[1]
Contact history
editThe explorer Thomas Mitchell was the first white man to cross Wembawemba territory, in 1836.[4]
Attempt to evangelize the Wembawemba
editThe Wembas-Wemba's religio-cultural worldview was centered on a dreaming, which they called yemurraki.[5]
Two German Moravian missionaries, Reverend A.F.C. Täger and Reverend F.W. Spieseke, convinced that the Wembawemba, whom they called culli, were "the most wretched and bleakest (people), who live on God's earth",[6] established Lake Boga mission in 1851. The mission closed in 1856 due to lack of converts, disputes with local authorities and hostilities from local landholders.[7] The Moravian Church established a subsequent mission site in Wergaia territory near Lake Hindmarsh in 1856 (see Ebenezer Mission).[8]
Notes
edit- ^ Jensz notes the paradox that, conversely, at the Ebenezer Mission, pastors resorted to German to stop their converts, fluent in English, from understanding them when they were discussing certain issues. (Jensz 2010, p. 82)
Citations
edit- ^ a b c d Tindale 1974.
- ^ McBryde 1986, p. 83.
- ^ Jensz 2010, pp. 80–81.
- ^ Jensz 2010, pp. 73–74.
- ^ Clarke 2003, p. 382.
- ^ Jensz 2010, p. 74.
- ^ Jensz 2010, pp. 71–112.
- ^ Clark 1995.
Sources
edit- Barwick, Diane E. (1984). McBryde, Isabel (ed.). "Mapping the past: an atlas of Victorian clans 1835-1904". Aboriginal History. 8 (2): 100–131. JSTOR 24045800.
- Clark, Ian D. (1995). Scars in the Landscape: a register of massacre sites in western Victoria, 1803–1859 (PDF). AIATSIS. pp. 135–139. ISBN 0-85575-281-5.
- Clark, Ian D. (2009). "Reconstruction of Aboriginal microtoponymy in western and central Victoria: Case studies from Tower Hill,the Hopkins River, and Lake Boga" (PDF). In Hercus, Luise; Koch, Harold (eds.). Aboriginal Placenames: Naming and Re-naming the Australian Landscape. Australian National University. pp. 207–221. ISBN 978-1-921-66609-4.
- Clarke, P.A. (2003). "Australian Aboriginal Mythology". In Parker, Janet; Stanton, Julie (eds.). Mythology. Myths, Legends, & Fantasies. Global Book Publishing. pp. 382–401. ISBN 978-0-785-81790-1.
- Clarke, Philip A. (2008). Aboriginal Plant Collectors: Botanists and Australian Aboriginal People in the Nineteenth Century. Rosenberg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-877-05868-4.
- Jensz, Felicity (2010). ""Ein Fauler Fleck": Lake Boga, A Putrid Stain". German Moravian Missionaries in the British Colony of Victoria, Australia, 1848-1908: Influential Strangers. BRILL. pp. 71–112. ISBN 978-9-004-17921-9.
- McBryde, Isabel (1986). "Artefacts, Language and Social Interaction: A Case Study from South –Eastern Australia". In Bailey, G. N.; Callow, P. (eds.). Stone Age Prehistory: Studies in Memory of Charles McBurney. Cambridge University Press. pp. 77–93. ISBN 978-0-521-25773-2.
- Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Wembawemba (NSW)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. ANU Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.