The Wichí languages are an indigenous language family spoken by the Wichí in northwestern Argentina and far-southeastern Bolivia, part of the Matacoan family. They are also known as Mataco, Wichi, Wichí Lhamtés, Weenhayek, Noctenes, Matahuayo, Matako, Weʃwo. The name Mataco is common but pejorative.
| Wichí | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Argentina, Bolivia |
| Linguistic classification | Matacoan
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | wich1261 |
| ELP | Wichí |
Status
editCurrently, the Argentine government does not have education in indigenous languages in schools. Because the Wichí have to be fluent in Spanish to access government services, and children are only educated in Spanish, Wichí children only speak Spanish among themselves. This has made all Wichí dialects vulnerable to extinction.[1]
In 2010, the province of Chaco in Argentina declared Wichí as one of four provincial official languages alongside Spanish and the indigenous Moqoit and Qom.[2]
Languages
editThe Wichí languages include the following languages:
- Noktén (a.k.a. Noctén, Wichí Lhamtés Nocten), spoken in Bolivia and Argentina
- Vejoz (a.k.a. Vejo, Pilcomayo, Bermejo, Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz), spoken in Argentina and Bolivia
- Wiznay (a.k.a. Güisnay, Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay), spoken in Argentina.
The Argentine National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INDEC) gives a figure of 36,135 Wichí speakers in Argentina.[citation needed]
In Rosario, the third biggest city of Argentina, there is a community of about 10,000 Wichí people, all of them fluent in Wichí, and some native speakers. There are a couple of bilingual primary schools.
For Bolivia, Alvarsson estimated between 1,700 and 2,000 speakers in 1988; a census reported 1,912, and Díez Astete & Riester (1996)[3] estimated between 2,300 and 2,600 Weenhayek in sixteen communities.
According to Najlis (1968)[4] and Gordon (2005),[5][pages needed] three main dialects can be distinguished in the Wichí group: southwestern or Vejós (Wehwós), northeastern or Güisnay (Weenhayek) and northwestern or Nocten (Oktenay). Tovar (1981)[6] and other authors claim the existence of only two dialects (northeastern and southwestern), while Braunstein (1992–3)[7] identifies eleven ethnic subgroups.
Wichí languages are predominantly suffixing and polysynthetic; verbal words have between 2 and 15 morphemes. Alienable and inalienable possession is distinguished. The phonological inventory is large, with simple, glottalized and aspirated stops and sonorants. The number of vowels varies with dialect (five or six).
Notes
edit- ^ Avram (2008)
- ^ Ley No. 6604 de la Provincia de Chaco, 28 de julio de 2010, B.O., (9092), Link Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Díez Astete & Riester (1996).
- ^ Najlis (1968)
- ^ Gordon (2005).
- ^ Tovar (1981)
- ^ Campbell & Grondona (2010), p. 639, citing Braunstein (1992–1993).
References
edit- Avram, Megan Leigh Zdrojkowski (2008). A Phonological Description of Wichí: The Dialect of Misión La Paz, Salta, Argentina (Master of Arts thesis). Eastern Michigan University. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.841.8674.
- Braunstein, José (1992–1993). "Presentación esquema provisorio de las tribus chaqueñas". Hacia una Nueva Carta Étnica del Gran Chaco. Vol. 4. Las Lomitas, Formosa: Centro del Hombre Antiguo Chaqueño. pp. 1–8.
- Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica (2010). "Who speaks what to whom? Multilingualism and language choice in Misión La Paz". Language in Society. 39 (5): 6167–646. doi:10.1017/S0047404510000631. JSTOR 40925814. S2CID 146771257.
- Díez Astete, Álvaro; Riester, Jürgen (1996). "Etnias y territorios indígenas". In Mihotek, Kathy (ed.). Comunidades, territorios indígenas y biodiversidad en Bolivia. Santa Cruz de la Sierra: UAGRM-Banco Mundial.[pages needed]
- Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed. (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.). Dallas: SIL International.[pages needed]
- Najlis, Elena L. (1968). "Dialectos del Mataco". Anales de la Universidad del Salvador (in Spanish) (4): 232–241.
- Nercesian, Verónica (2011). "Stress in Wichí (Mataguayan) and its Interaction with the Word Formation Processes" (PDF). Amerindia (35): 75–102. hdl:11336/44222.
- Nercesian, Verónica (2011b). Gramática del wichí, una lengua chaqueña: Interacción fonología-morfología-sintaxis en el léxico (Doctoral thesis) (in Spanish). University of Buenos Aires.
- Terraza, Jimena (2009). Grammaire du wichi: phonologie et morphosyntaxe (Doctoral thesis) (in French). Université du Québec à Montréal.
- Tovar, Antonio (1981). Relatos y diálogos de los Matacos : seguidos de una gramática de su lengua (in Spanish). Madrid: Edita Ediciones Cultura Hispánica del Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana. ISBN 84-7232-282-3.
External links
edit- Argentinian Languages Collection of Lucía Golluscio, containing audio recordings of Wichí, at the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America.
- Wichí (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)