The Woman's Era Club was an African-American women's civic organization founded in Boston, Massachusetts, in between 1892 and 1894 by Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin. The club was the first black women's club in Boston. The organization was especially well known for the conflict caused when Ruffin attempted to desegregate the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC) in 1900.
| Named after | The Woman's Era |
|---|---|
| Founder | Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin |
| Founded at | Boston, Massachusetts, US |
| Type | Woman's club |
History
editThe Woman's Era Club was the first African-American women's club in Boston and was founded by Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin.[1][2] The club, depending on the source, was founded anytime between 1892 and 1894.[3][2][1] The name of the club came from the paper, The Woman's Era,[4] though it had also earlier been called "The New Era Club."[5] There were 113 founding members and Ruffin served as the president.[1][6] Ruffin remained president of the Woman's Era Club until 1903.[1]
In addition to black women, the club also admitted white women.[3] The purpose of the club was to do charity work, personal improvement and philanthropy.[4] At the time, it was one of the largest women's clubs for African Americans at the time.[2][7] Topics that the club discussed included lynching[8] and women's suffrage.[9] Ruffin wanted the club to help with "racial uplift" and also "urban progressivism and the crusade for the rights of women."[10] It was also important to the club to publicize progress that black people made.[11] The club's motto was "make the world better," which were also the last words of Lucy Stone.[10]
In 1895, the Woman's Era Club proposed a national conference for African-American women.[12] This led to the National Conference of the Colored Women of America, the first conference of black women in the United States which took place in July 1895.[13] In 1901, the club moved its headquarters to Tremont Temple in Boston.[14] Some sources state that Ruffin was president of the club until 1903,[1] however, The New York Age reported that Ruffin was still president of the club in 1910.[15] In addition, they were now meeting at the Robert Gould Shaw House.[15] The Woman's Era Club eventually merged with the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs (NACW).[16]
Conflict with GFWC
editThe Woman's Era Club joined the Massachusetts State Federation of Women's Clubs in 1895.[17] Later, the club was admitted to the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC) because the president, Rebecca Douglas Lowe, did not realize that she had admitted a black women's club.[17] By April 1900, Lowe had mailed the certificate of GFWC membership to Ruffin and the Woman's Era Club had paid their dues.[17]
In June 1900, Ruffin attended the fifth biennial convention of the GFWC in Milwaukee as a delegate for the Woman's Era Club.[17][6] Ruffin was offered a delegate seat as a representative from the two other mostly white women's clubs instead, but she demanded that Woman's Era Club be recognized.[17] The Massachusetts state federation of clubs then introduced a resolution that the GFWC formally admit the Woman's Era Club.[17] However, this resolution was defeated by women in several southern state delegations led by the Georgia state federation.[17] Ruffin attempted to sue GFWC and hoped that Booker T. Washington would help, but the suit never happened and Washington did not help.[18]
The attempt of the Woman's Era Club to join the GFWC became a contested issue among the clubwomen.[4] Ruffin was sent to be a delegate of the next GFWC convention in 1902.[4]
Publicity about the controversy, known as the "Ruffin incident,"[19] was generally complimentary to Ruffin and to black women in general.[18] The Decatur Herald wrote that Ruffin's request for membership helped bring a positive light to the question of progress for black women in the United States.[20] However, The Evening Transcript on the other hand, wrote that black women's clubs in the South did not approve of Ruffin's move because they did not want to create discord or lose the support of white women's clubs who were helping in their own communities.[21]
Notable members
edit- Agnes Jones Adams, served on executive board.[22]
- Maria Louise Baldwin, served on executive board.[22]
- Alice A. Casneau, a Boston dressmaker and clubwoman.[23]
- Eliza Ann Gardner, served as chaplain and in the organizing committee.[1]
- Florida Ruffin Ridley, served as secretary.[24]
- Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, served as president.[1]
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Sierra, Susan J.; Jones, Adrienne Lash (1996). "Eliza Ann Gardner". In Smith, Jessie Carney (ed.). Notable Black American Women. Vol. 2. New York: Gale Research. p. 240. ISBN 9780810391772.
- ^ a b c Kletzing & Crogman 1903, p. 207.
- ^ a b Streitmatter 1994, p. 70.
- ^ a b c d "Mrs. Ruffin and the Woman's Era Club of Boston". Los Angeles Herald. 6 April 1902. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
- ^ Bair, Barbara (2005). "Though Justice Sleeps". In Kelley, Robin D. G.; Lewis, Earl (eds.). To Make Our World Anew: A History of African Americans. Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 60. ISBN 9780199838936.
- ^ a b "The Color Line in the Federation of Women's Clubs". The Times. 1900-06-08. p. 9. Retrieved 2018-02-03 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Kletzing & Crogman 1903, p. 208.
- ^ "Woman of Color Orates on Lynching". The Saint Paul Globe. 1903-08-14. p. 1. Retrieved 2018-02-03 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Some pleasant remarks have been". The New York Age. 1910-03-17. p. 4. Retrieved 2018-02-03 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Moses 1978, p. 107.
- ^ Moses 1978, p. 130.
- ^ Kletzing & Crogman 1903, p. 209.
- ^ "COLORED WOMEN IN CONFERENCE; National Association for Their Betterment Formed in Boston". The New York Times. 1895-07-30. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
- ^ Porter, Florence Collins (14 April 1901). "Chats About Clubs and Club Women". Los Angeles Herald. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
- ^ a b "Out of Town Correspondence". The New York Age. 1910-03-10. p. 8. Retrieved 2018-02-04 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Spain, Daphne. How Women Saved the City. U of Minnesota Press. p. 174. ISBN 9781452905419.
- ^ a b c d e f g Smith, Mary Jane (Winter 2010). "The Fight to Protect Race and Regional Identity Within the General Federation of Women's Clubs, 1895-1902". Georgia Historical Quarterly. 94 (4): 479–513 – via EBSCOhost.
- ^ a b Streitmatter 1994, p. 71.
- ^ Moses 1978, p. 108.
- ^ "A Corner of Interest to the Women". The Decatur Herald. 1902-06-08. p. 17. Retrieved 2018-02-04 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Don't Want to 'Jine' the White Women's Club and Much Ado About Nothing". The Evening Transcript. 1902-05-01. p. 3. Retrieved 2018-02-04 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Historical Records of Conventions of 1895-96 of the Colored Women of America (PDF). 1902. p. 5.
- ^ "Notes and Comments" The Woman's Era (April 1895): 1.
- ^ Gere, Anne Ruggles; Robbins, Sarah R. (1996). "Gendered Literacy in Black and White: Turn-of-the-Century African-American and European-American Club Women's Printed Texts". Signs. 21 (3): 647. doi:10.1086/495101. JSTOR 3175174. S2CID 143859735.
Sources
edit- Kletzing, Henry F.; Crogman, William Henry (1903). Progress of a Race: Or, The Remarkable Advancement of the Afro-American. Atlanta, Georgia: J.L. Nichols & Co.
- Moses, Wilson Jeremiah (1978). The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850-1925. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195206398.
- Streitmatter, Rodger (1994). Raising Her Voice: African-American Women Journalists Who Changed History. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813118611.