This article needs to be updated. (September 2023) |
Districts of Ethiopia, also called woredas (Amharic: ወረዳ; Oromo: Aanaa[1] woreda), are the third level of the administrative divisions of Ethiopia – after zones and the regional states.
These districts are further subdivided into a number of wards called kebele neighbourhood associations, which are the smallest unit of local government in Ethiopia.
Overview
editDistricts are typically collected together into zones, which form a region; districts which are not part of a zone are designated Special Districts and function as autonomous entities. Districts are governed by a council whose members are directly elected to represent each kebele in the district. There are about 670 rural districts and about 100 urban districts.
Terminology varies, with some people considering the urban units to be woreda, while others consider only the rural units to be woreda, referring to the others as urban or city administrations.[2]
Although some districts can be traced back to earliest times—for example, the Yem special woreda, the Gera and Gomma woreda which preserve the boundaries of kingdoms that were absorbed into Ethiopia, and the Mam Midrina Lalo Midir woreda of a historic province of Ethiopia (in this case, two of the districts of Menz)[citation needed]— many are of more recent creation. Beginning in 2002, more authority was passed to woreda by transferring staff and budgets from the regional governments.[citation needed]
Structure
editIn Ethiopia, the woredas comprise three main organs: a council, an executive and a judicial. The Woreda Council is the highest government organ of the district, which is made up of directly elected representatives from each kebele in the woredas. The representative of the people in each kebele is accountable to their electorate. The woreda chief administration is the district's executive organ that encompasses the district administrator, deputy administrator, and the head of the main sectoral executive offices found in the district, which are ultimately accountable to the district administrator and district council. The quasi-judicial tasks belong to the Security and Justice administration. In addition to woredas, city administrations are considered at the same level as the woredas. A city administration has a mayor whom members of the city council elected. As different regional constitutions govern woredas, the names of the bodies may differ.[3]
Special woredas
edit"Special woredas" are a subgroup of woredas (districts) that are organized around the traditional homelands of an ethnic minority[citation needed], and are outside the usual hierarchy of zones in their respective Region[citation needed]. These special woredas have many similarities to autonomous areas in other countries.[clarification needed]
List of districts (by region, then zone)
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References
edit- ^ Ayele, Zemelak. "Local government in Ethiopia: still an apparatus of control?". Law, Democracy & Development. 15 (2011). ISSN 2077-4907. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
It also authorised each ethnic group to establish self-government starting from woreda (district) level.
- ^ Yilmaz, Serdar; Venugopal, Varsha (2008). Local Government Discretion and Accountability in Ethiopia (PDF). Working Paper 08-38. International Studies Program, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University. pp. 2–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- ^ Vértesy, László; Lemango, Teketel (2022). "Comparison of local governments in Hungary and Ethiopia". De Iurisprudentia et Iure Publico. XIII (1–2): 62–75. ISSN 1789-0446 – via ResearchGate.