The Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art (simplified Chinese: 延安文艺座谈会; traditional Chinese: 延安文藝座談會; pinyin: Yán'ān Wén Yì Zuòtánhuì) was a May 1942 forum held in the Yan'an Soviet and a significant event in the Yan'an Rectification Movement. It is most notable for the speeches given by Mao Zedong, later edited and published as Talks at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art (Chinese: 在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话; pinyin: Zài Yán'ān Wén Yì Zuòtánhuì shàng de Jiǎnghuà) which dealt with the role of literature and art in the country. The two main points were that (1) all art should reflect the life of the working class and consider them as an audience, and (2) that art should serve politics, and specifically the advancement of socialism.
Background
editDuring the Long March (1934-1935), the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and People's Liberation Army (PLA) used song, drama, and dance to appeal to the civilian population, but did not have a unified cultural policy. For three years after the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, the main message of the CCP art organizations, such as the Chinese People's Anti-Japanese Drama Society, was to "oppose Japan" (反日, fǎnrì) or "resist Japan" (抗日, kàngrì). In 1938, the CCP established the Lu Xun Academy of Fine Arts in Yan'an (Yenan), which was to train people in literature, music, fine arts, and drama.[1]
In 1940, Mao issued a policy statement in his text, On New Democracy: "The content of China's new culture at the present stage is... the anti-imperialist anti-feudal new democracy of the popular masses led by the culture and thought of the proletariat". During the Yan'an Rectification Movement (1942-1944), the CCP used various methods to consolidate ideological unity among cadres around Maoism (as opposed to Soviet-style Marxism–Leninism). The immediate spur to the Yan'an talks was a request by a concerned writer for Mao Zedong to clarify the ambiguous role of intellectuals in the CCP.[1] Thus began a three-week conference at the Lu Xun Academy about the objectives of and methods of creating CCP art.[2]
Mao delivered the Yan'an Talks in May 1942.[3]: 127
Content
editThe Yan'an Talks outlined the CCP's policy on "mass culture" (Chinese: 群众文化; pinyin: qúnzhòng wénhuà) in China, which was to be "revolutionary culture" (Chinese: 革命文化; pinyin: gémìng wénhuà). The core concept of the Yan'an Talks was that art should translate the ideas of the Chinese Communist Revolution for rural peasants.[4]: 159–160 In this view, cultural workers and the masses would both serve as teacher and student for each other.[3]: 127 This revolutionary style of art would portray the lives of peasants and be directed towards them as an audience.[5] Mao scolded artists for neglecting "The cadres, party workers of all types, fighters in the army, workers in the factories and peasants in the villages" as audiences, just because they were illiterate. He was particularly critical of Chinese opera as a courtly art form, rather than one directed towards the masses. However, he encouraged artists to draw from China's artistic legacy as well as international art forms in order to further socialism.[2] Mao also encouraged literary people to transform themselves by living in the countryside,[1] and to study the popular music and folk culture of the areas, incorporating both into their works.[2]
Mao stated that transformations in the social relations of production required development of a new societal consciousness.[6]: xviii Mao stated that in addition to reorganizing production, a revolution should create a culture in which the interests and needs of a working culture take priority.[7]: 31–32 In this view, socialist literature should not merely reflect existing culture, but should help culturally produce the consciousness of a new society.[6]: xviii In particular, cultural work should be viewed as a transformative experience which would built revolutionary relationships among cultural workers, the masses, and the CCP.[3]: 127 Mao articulated five independent although related categories of creative consideration for cultural production: (1) class stand, (2) attitude, (3) audience, (4) work style, and (5) popularization/massification.[6]: xvii
In the Yan'an Talks, Mao argued that it was important for art to depict allies and enemies clearly, urging artists to expose the cruelty of enemies and the inevitability of their defeat.[8]: 127 Artists were also instructed to extol "the masses of the people, their toil and their struggle, their army and their Party."[3]: 127
Mao also expressed that there are no absolute criteria for evaluating art, only contextual and pragmatic considerations.[9]: 12 In this view, there is no such thing as art-for-art's-sake.[9]: 14
Legacy
editThe Talks became the most important guiding document of the Yan'an Rectification Movement.[10]: 22 After the formal publication of the Talks in October 1943, the Communist Party's Central Committee issued two circulars stating that all Communist Party Members should study the Talks, stating that they were the Sinicization of Marxism and Leninism.[10]: 22–23
Implementing the principles of the Yan'an Talks involved the creation of new literary forms and content tailored to the socialist transformation of China and its culture, an endeavor that was much more complex than applying ideological standards to measure existing artistic forms.[6]: xvi As summarized by academic Cai Xiang, the great writers of the period embraced this endeavor, while the practice was essentially inaccessible to hacks.[6]: xvi
An immediate change in Chinese music that resulted from the Yan'an Talks was the growth in respectability of folk styles.[2] The Yan'an Talks also provided political legitimacy to traditional Chinese novel forms such as episodic chapters.[6]: 217
Key quotations from Yan'an Talks form the basis of the section on "Culture and Art" in the Maoist text Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong.[11] The Gang of Four's dramatic interpretation of the Yan'an Talks during the Cultural Revolution led to a new CCP-sanctioned form of political art, revolutionary opera. Conversely, certain forms of art, such as the works of Beethoven, Respighi, Dvorak, and Chopin, were condemned in CCP papers as "bourgeois decadence".[2]
Cai writes that over time, the important principles of the Yan'an Talks became increasingly simplified, ultimately resulting in the dogmatizing of the requirements for literature during the Cultural Revolution, which undermined the radicalism of China's socialist literature.[6]: xix After the death of Mao and the rise of reformist leaders like Deng Xiaoping, who condemned the Cultural Revolution, the Yan'an talks were officially reevaluated. In 1982, the CCP declared that Mao's doctrine that "literature and art are subordinate to politics" was an "incorrect formulation", but it reaffirmed his main points about art needing to reflect the reality of the workers and peasantry.[12]
For the 70th anniversary of the Yan'an Talks in May 2012, a group of 100 Chinese writers and artists including Mo Yan participated in hand-copying the text of the Yan'an Talks as a celebration.[13]: 58
On 15 October 2014, General Secretary XI Jinping emulated the Yan'an Talks with his Speech at the Forum on Literature and Art.[9]: 15 Consistent with Mao's view in the Yan'an Talks, Xi believes works of art should be judged by political criteria.[9]: 16 In 2021, Xi quoted the Yan'an Talks during the opening ceremony of the Eleventh National Congress of the Federation of Literature and Art and the Tenth National Congress of the Chinese Writers Association.[14]: 174
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^ a b c Judd, Ellen R. (July 1985). "Prelude to the "Yan'an Talks": Problems in Transforming a Literary Intelligentsia". Modern China. 11 (3): 377–408. doi:10.1177/009770048501100304. ISSN 0097-7004. JSTOR 188808.
- ^ a b c d e Perris, Arnold (January 1983). "Music as Propaganda: Art at the Command of Doctrine in the People's Republic of China". Ethnomusicology. 27 (1): 1–28. doi:10.2307/850880. JSTOR 850880.
- ^ a b c d Qian, Ying (2024). Revolutionary Becomings: Documentary Media in Twentieth-Century China. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231204477.
- ^ Minami, Kazushi (2024). People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. doi:10.1515/9781501774164. ISBN 9781501774157.
- ^ Liu, Kang (2000). "Popular Culture and the Culture of the Masses in Contemporary China". In Dirlik, Arif; Zhang, Xudong (eds.). Postmodernism and China. Duke University Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN 0-8223-8022-6.
- ^ a b c d e f g Karl, Rebecca E.; Zhong, Xueping, eds. (2016-02-04). Revolution and Its Narratives: China's Socialist Literary and Cultural Imaginaries, 1949-1966. Duke University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv11312w2. ISBN 978-0-8223-7461-9. JSTOR j.ctv11312w2. OCLC 932368688.
- ^ Hammond, Ken (2023). China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future. New York, NY: 1804 Books. ISBN 9781736850084.
- ^ Qian, Ying (2024). Revolutionary Becomings: Documentary Media in Twentieth-Century China. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231204477.
- ^ a b c d Sorace, Christian (2019). "Aesthetics". Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi. Acton, Australia: Australian National University Press. ISBN 9781760462499.
- ^ a b Li, Hongshan (2024). Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/li--20704. ISBN 9780231207058. JSTOR 10.7312/li--20704.
- ^ Mao, Tse-tung (1967). Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung. New York: Bantam. pp. 172–4.
- ^ MacKerras, Colin (1983). Chinese Theatre: From Its Origins to the Present Day. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 170–171.
- ^ Yi, Guolin (2024). "From "Seven Speak-Nots" to "Media Surnamed Party": Media in China from 2012 to 2022". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment. Leiden University Press. ISBN 9789087284411.
- ^ Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise. Kunyuan Qiao. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-26883-6. OCLC 1348572572.
Further reading
edit- McDougall, Bonnie. (1980). Mao Zedong's "Talks at the Yan'an Conference on Literature and Art": A Translation of the 1943 Text with Commentary. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780892640393