Yaudheya

Yaudheya Republic
Yaudheya Republic
5th century BCE–4th century CE
	Yaudheya coin, imitative of Kushan coinage, 3rd-4th centuries CE. Obverse: Karttikeya standing facing, holding a spear with dvi (“two” in Brahmi) to the left of Karttikeya's head, peacock to lower right, Brahmi legend around: 𑀬𑁅𑀥𑁂𑀬 𑀕𑀦𑀲𑁆𑀬 𑀚𑀬 (yaudheya ganasya jaya, “Victory to the Yaudheya people”). Reverse: Devasena standing left, raising hand; flower vase to left, inverted nandipada to the right.
	Location of the Yaudheya relative to other groups: the Audumbaras, the Vemakas, the Vrishnis, the Kunindas, the Pauravas and the Arjunayanas
Capital	Rohtak
Government	Aristocratic Republic
Legislature	Sabhā
History
• Established	5th century BCE
• Disestablished	4th century CE
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Kuru Kingdom
Gupta Empire

Yaudheya (Brahmi script: 𑀬𑁅𑀥𑁂𑀬) or Yoddheya Gana (Yoddheya Republic) was an ancient military ganasangha (republic) based in the Eastern region of the Sapta Sindhu. The word Yaudheya is a derivative of the word from yodha meaning warriors^[2]^[3] and according to Pāṇini, the suffix '-ya', was significant of warrior tribes,^[4] which is supported by their resistance to invading empires such as the Kushan Empire and the Indo-Scythians.^[5] Rudradaman I of the Western Satraps notes in his Junagadh rock inscription that the Yaudheyas were 'heroes among all Kshatriya' and 'were loath to surrender'. They were noted as having a republic form of government, unique from other Janapadas which instead maintained monarchies.^[6]

Geography

According to Anant Sadashiv Altekar, numismatic evidence indicates that the territorial dominion of the Yaudheyas extended from Bahawalpur in the South-West to Ludhiana in the North-West, encompassing Delhi in the South-East and Saharanpur in the East.^[7] However, his research suggests that the Yaudheyas comprised not just one unified entity, but rather three separate republics. In addition to the aforementioned region, another republic was situated in Northern Rajasthan while a further one existed in Northern Pañcāla.^[8] He describes the capital as being situated in modern-day Rohtak.^[9]

The Bijayagarh pillar inscription of the Yaudheyas, discovered in the Bharatpur district, also serves as further evidence that reinforces the Yaudheyas establishing and maintaining territory within Northern Rajasthan.^[10] According to Alexander Cunningham the Yaudheyas likely had a significant presence in southern Rajasthan during the Western Satraps invasion, suggesting that contact between the two would not have been possible otherwise.^[11]

History

Vedic era

Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE)

The Yaudheyas emerged as an entity following the decline of the Kuru Kingdom (c. 1200 BCE–c. 525 BCE). The Yaudheyas would eventually encompass the land formerly belonging to the Kurus, including their former capitals Indraprastha, Hastinapur, and Āsandīvat. The Kuru Kingdom which was the prominent power in the Vedic age fell in importance when compared to the other Mahajanapadas.

The earliest references of the existence of the Yaudheyas is in Pāṇini's Ashtadhyayi (V.3.116-17 and IV.1.178) of (c.500 BCE) and the Ganapatha. In his works the Yaudheyas are mentioned as ayudha-jivin sanghas i.e., a community living by the profession of arms.^[2]

Mauryan Empire (4th BCE - 2nd BCE)

The name "Yaudheya" (Brahmi script: 𑀬𑁅𑀥𑁂𑀬) on coinage

The Yaudheyas were incorporated into the Maurya Empire by Chandragupta Maurya. They also annexed the Pauravas. Chandragupta, under the tutelage of Chanakya, won over local kingdoms and republics in Punjab before conquering the Nanda Empire. Chandragupta heavily relied on the Yaudheya Gana in his campaigns.^[12] His military had a high representation of the Yaudheya Gana and similar republicans. Additionally, Yaudheya elites and chiefs were appointed in imperial positions.

Bijayagadh inscription of the Yaudheyas. The undated inscription reads "Perfection has been attained! Of the Maharaja and Mahasenapati, who has been made the leader of the Yaudheya tribe,... and having asked the settlement, headed by the Brahmins, as to the health of (their) bodies etc..., writes "There is ....."."^[13]

As recorded in the Bijoygarh inscription commissioned around Ashoka's reign, the Yaudheya-gana-puraskrta appointed a chief who held the title of Maharaja-Senapati.^[12] This chief of the Yaudheya republic was appointed the Mahasenapati (Field Marshal) for the Mauryan Army. The Arthashastra written by Chanakya described the field marshal as adept in all modes of warfare (sarvayudha), all weapons (praharana), possessing modesty and restraint (vidyavinita), and capable of controlling all four wings of the army (chaturangini sena).

Indo-Greek Empire (c. 150 BCE - c. 100 BCE)

Following the decline of the Mauryan Empire the Western Punjab was captured by the Indo-Greek Kingdom. However, it was not until the reign of Menander I that the Eastern Punjab supposedly came under their dominion. Subsequently, a series of conflicts ensued between the Indo-Greek successors and various Eastern Punjab republican entities. The Trigarta Kingdom, for instance, minted their own coins, indicating their independent status. Meanwhile, the Yaudheyas and Arjunayanas emerged victorious through military prowess, achieving triumph through the sword which is stated on their minted coinage.^[14]

Coinage of the Yaudheyas circa 2nd century CE^[15]

Western Satraps (2nd century CE)

Six-headed Karttikeya (Shanmukha Karttikeya) on a Yaudheya coin, 1-2nd century CE. British Museum.^[1]

During the second century CE, the Yaudheya gana confronted the Indo-Scythians but they were defeated by Rudradaman I.^[16]

The Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman (c. 150 CE)^[17] acknowledged the military might of the Yaudheyas "who would not submit because they were proud of their title "heroes among the Kshatriyas"", although the inscription claims that they were ultimately vanquished by Rudradaman.^[18]^[19]

Rudradaman (...) who by force destroyed the Yaudheyas who were loath to submit, rendered proud as they were by having manifested their' title of' heroes among all Kshatriyas.
— Junagadh rock inscription^[20]

Alexander Cunningham proposes that Rudradaman's victory over the Yaudheyas was likely plundering expedition rather than a claim of political control, as he does not assert their territory as part of his own kingdom.^[21]

Kushan Empire (c.130 CE - c.180 CE)

Coin of Kushan ruler Huvishka (152-192 CE), featuring Maaseno, the incarnation of the Karttikeya of the Yaudheyas

It is thought that the Kushans then became suzerains of the Yaudheyas when they endeavored to hold the Mathura area.^[22] An indication is the fact that the Kushan ruler Huvishka featured Maaseno on his coins, the Kushan incarnation of the Hindu god Karttikeya, or Skanda, whose epithet was "Mahasena". This god being particularly important to the Yaudheyas, it may have been incorporated into Kushan coinage when the Kushans expanded into Yaudheya territory.^[23]^[22]

In Kanishka's rock Rabatak inscription, he describes campaigning into "the realm of the kshatriyas" in India, which presumably includes the Yaudheya's territories. Furthermore, Kanishka refers to commissioning statue of various local Iranian and Indian deities, including the deity Mahasena or Mahaseno (Kartikeya) which was the chief deity of the Yaudheyas and was often depicted in their coinage.

(Line 4) In the year one it has been proclaimed unto India, unto the *whole of the realm of the *kshatriyas..."

(Lines 10-11) ...and he is called Maaseno... and he likewise gave orders to make images of these gods who are written above..."
— Rabatak inscription of Kanishka

According to R. C. Majumdar, approximately 180 CE, the Yaudheyas, in conjunction with other Janapadas situated in the Cis-Sutlej region, such as the Arjunayanas and Kunindas, played a crucial role in dealing a significant blow to the Kushans.^[24] As a result, the Kushans ceased to have a presence in the Eastern Punjab. Numismatic evidence further supports this claim, as Yaudheyan coins proudly commemorate this victorious event. Notably, these coins exhibit a distinctive feature wherein the Kushan Kharosthi script is replaced by the Brahmi script, emphasising the significance of the triumph.^[25] Yaudheya coinage from the post Kushan period extend to modern day Himachal Pradesh with a large hoard excavated in Kangra, indicating their rule over the region.^[26]

"Yaudhēya" in the Allahabad Pillar inscription of Samudragupta (350-375 CE)^[27]

Gupta Empire

The Yaudheyas are mentioned in the Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta, a ruler of the Gupta Empire. According to historical records, the Yaudheyas acknowledged the authority of Samudragupta and submitted to his rule, however this submission appears to have occurred without any armed resistance. Upinder Singh, a historian, notes that there is no specific mention of the Yaudheyas providing troops to Samudragupta, suggesting that their relationship with the empire was relatively loose.^[28] Notably, Samudragupta's successful military campaigns in the regions of Āryāvarta and Dakshinapatha greatly enhanced his reputation. It is believed that his conquests and the resulting fame were significant factors in persuading frontier rulers and tribes, including the Yaudheyas, to submit to his authority willingly, without engaging in any hostilities.^[29]

This particular period marked the gradual disintegration of the Yaudheya republic.

(Lines 22–23) (Samudragupta, whose) formidable rule was propitiated with the payment of all tributes, execution of orders and visits (to his court) for obeisance by such frontier rulers as those of Samataṭa, Ḍavāka, Kāmarūpa, Nēpāla, and Kartṛipura, and, by the Mālavas, Ārjunāyanas, Yaudhēyas, Mādrakas, Ābhīras, Prārjunas, Sanakānīkas, Kākas, Kharaparikas and other (tribes)."
— Lines 22–23 of the Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta (r.c.350-375 CE)^[27]

Literature

Puranas (e.g. Brahmanda, Vayu, Brahma and Harivamsha) described Yaudheyas as the descendants of Uśīnara and Nrigu.^[30]

There are other references to them namely in the Mahabharata, Mahamayuri, Brihatsamhita, Puranas, Chandravyakarana and Kashika.

In the Mahabharata, the land Bahudhanyaka is stated to be among the countries subjugated by Nakula, the fourth Pandava. Bahudhanyaka was the first to fall to Nakulas conquest in of the western direction toward Sakastan, which agrees with the Rohtak-Hisar area.^[31]

Varahamihira in his Brihatsamhita (XIV.28 and XVI.22) placed them in the northern division of India.

They are mentioned in Pāṇini's Ashtadhyayi and Ganapatha.

Coinage

The Yaudheyas only utilized Brahmi script on their coins and seals.^[32]

Alexander Cunningham divided the Yaudheya coins into two distinctive kinds; the older and smaller class A coins dating from before the 1st century BCE, and the larger Class B coins from the 3rd century CE during the decline of the Indo-Scythian power.^[33] Cunningham states that the later coins evidently copied from the Indo-Scythians money.

John Allan classified Yaudheya coins into six classes, while Vincent Arthur Smith previously gave three types. The classification used by Allen has been mostly followed by scholars till today.

Yaudheya coins were found in the ancient capital of Khokrakot (modern Rohtak), and Naurangabad.^{[citation needed]}

Based on the early coins produced by the Yaudheyas, it can be safely said that Karttikeya was considered their Iṣṭa-devatā.

Kumāra Karttikeya with vel and rooster, coin of the Yaudheyas
Karttikeya shrine with antelope. Yaudheya, Punjab, 2nd century CE.^[15]
Coin of the Yaudheyas with depiction of Kumāra Karttikeya, circa 3rd-4th Century CE, Punjab.

References

^ ^a ^b Bajpai, K. D. (October 2004). Indian Numismatic Studies. Abhinav Publications. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-81-7017-035-8.
^ ^a ^b “Yaudheyas.” Ancient Communities of the Himalaya, by Dinesh Prasad. Saklani, Indus Pub. Co., 1998, pp. 112–115.
^ Smith, V. (1897). Art. XXIX.—The Conquests of Samudra Gupta. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 29(4), 859-910. doi:10.1017/S0035869X0002503X
^ Cunningham, Sir Alexander (1882). Report of a Tour in the Punjab in 1878-79. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 140.
^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1986). Vakataka gupta age: circa 200-550. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 28–30. ISBN 978-81-208-0026-7.
^ State & Government In Ancient India - A. S. Altekar. pp. 71–72.
^ State & Government In Ancient India - A. S. Altekar. p. 79. The findspots of its coins show that it extended from Saharanpur in the east to Bahavalpur in the west, from Ludhiyana in the north¬ west to Delhi in the south-east.
^ State & Government In Ancient India - A. S. Altekar. p. 79. It was a confederation of three republics. Rohtak in the Punjab was the capital of one of them, and northern Panchala, known as Bahudhanyaka (rich in corn) country, was the centre of power of the second. Northern Rajputana seems to have been in the jurisdiction of the third.
^ State & Government In Ancient India - A. S. Altekar. p. 79. Rohtak in the Punjab was the capital of one of them
^ Majumdar, R. C. (2016-01-01). Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 131. ISBN 978-81-208-0435-7.
^ Cunningham, Alexander (1871). The Ancient Geography of India. Indological Book House. p. 246.
^ ^a ^b Gupta, Gyan Swarup (1999). India: From Indus Valley Civilisation to Mauryas. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788170227632.
^ Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol 3 p251
^ Tarn, William Woodthorpe (2010-06-24). The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge University Press. p. 324. ISBN 978-1-108-00941-6. Audumbaras, Trigartas, Kunindas, Yaudheyas, Arjunayanas - began to coin in the first century BC, which means that they had become independent kingdoms or republics; but the coins do not all tell the same story. Those of the two sounthernmost peoples begin somewhere about 100 BC and bear the legends 'Victory of the Arjunayanas' and (on their copper issue) 'Victory of the Yaudheyas', which point to their having won independence by the sword.
^ ^a ^b "British Museum". The British Museum.
^ Sharma, Suresh K. (2006-02-01). Haryana: Past and Present. Mittal Publications. ISBN 9788183240468.
^ Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman I Archived 2009-02-23 at the Wayback Machine, accessed on 23 March 2007.
^ Rosenfield, "The dynastic art of the Kushans", p132
^ Rapson, "A catalogue of the Indian coins in the British Museum", p.lx
^ "Source". Archived from the original on 2009-02-23. Retrieved 2007-03-23.
^ Report of a Tour in the Punjab in 1878-79. p. 140.
^ ^a ^b Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Pratapaditya Pal, University of California Press, 1986, p.78 [1]
^ Classical Numismatics Group
^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1986). Vakataka gupta age: circa 200-550. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 31. ISBN 978-81-208-0026-7.
^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1986). Vakataka gupta age: circa 200-550. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 30. ISBN 978-81-208-0026-7. The foreign Greek and Ksharoshthi scripts were however replaced by the national Brahmi one and the legend, proudly proclaimed the victory of the new republic.
^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1954). Vakataka Gupta age (Circa 200-550 A.D.). p. 28. On the other hand, the post Kushan coins of the Yaudheyas having legends in the characters of the 3rd or 4th century a. d. are found in large hoards between the Sutlej and the Jumna, in the districts of Sahanmpur, Dehra Dun, Delhi, Rohtak, Ludhiana and Kangra. It is therefore quite clear that they were ruling over this territory as an independent power from the beginning of the 3rd century.
^ ^a ^b Fleet, John Faithfull (1888). Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3. pp. 6–10.
^ Singh, Upinder (2017-09-25). Political Violence in Ancient India. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-98128-7.
^ A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1. A.D. 300-985. People's Publishing House. 1981. p. 25.
^ Pargiter, F.E. Ancient Indian Historical Tradition Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi, 1972 pp.109
^ Bharadwaj, O. P. (1986). Studies in the Historical Geography of Ancient India. Sundeep Prakashan. ISBN 9788185055893.
^ Bajpai, K. D. (October 2004). Indian Numismatic Studies. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 9788170170358.
^ Cunningham, Sir Alexander (1882). Report of a Tour in the Punjab in 1878-79. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 142. yaudheyas.