Yi Kang, Prince Imperial Ui (Korean: 의친왕 이강; 30 March 1877 – 15 August 1955), also known as Prince Uihwa, was the second son of Emperor Gojong of Korea and his concubine, Lady Jang, who was a court lady-in-waiting.
| Yi Kang | |
|---|---|
 Yi on his uniform as Lieutenant General in Imperial Korean Army | |
| Born | 30 March 1877 Hanseong-bu, Joseon |
| Died | 15 August 1955 (aged 78) Andong Palace, Anguk-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea |
| Burial | Hongyu-reung, Namyang-ju |
| Spouse | Kim Su-deok, Princess Imperial Ui
(m. 1892; died 1964)Concubines:
|
| Issue Detail | Prince Yi Geon (Later Kenichi Momoyama) Prince Yi U Yi Bang Yi Hae-wan Yi Chang Yi Ju Yi Hae-won Yi Gon (Successor of Yi Kang) Yi Hae-chun Yi Hae-suk Yi Gwang Yi Hyun Yi Haegyeong Yi Gap Yi Seok Yi Hoe-ja Yi Hwan Yi Hae-ran Yi Jung Yi Hae-ryeon Yi Chang-hui |
| House | House of Yi |
| Father | Emperor Gojong of Korea |
| Mother | Lady Jang of the Deoksu Jang clan |
| Religion | Confucianism → Catholic |
| Yi Kang | |
| Hangul | 의친왕 이강 or 의화군 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Uichinwang I Gang or Uihwagun |
| McCune–Reischauer | Ŭich'inwang I Kang or Ŭihwagun |
He was not formally recognized as a legitimate prince until 1892, when his father issued a decree naming Yi "Prince Uihwa" with the style of Royal Highness. Yi married Lady Kim Su-deok, the daughter of court official Kim Sajun.
Prince Yi was not the Crown Prince, even though he was older than his half-brother Prince Imperial Yeong, due to various reasons including the status of his mother.
Biography
editEducation and early life
editDespite being born as a son of Gojong of Korea, there are not many official records about his early life, which may be a result of having been borne by Lady Jang, a court lady-in-waiting of King Gojong but not the king's official consort or concubine during her lifetime. Lady Jang came from the Deoksu Jang clan, and Queen Inseon (Hyojong of Joseon's queen consort) was her distant relative.[i] According to the tradition, the half-brothers of the crown prince, in this case, Yi Cheok (future Sunjong of Korea), needed to move out from the palace until the latter reached the age 10; as the result, there were some years that Yi Kang lives with Pak Yung-hio, the son-in-law of King Cheoljong.[2] During the Gapsin Coup in 1884, Yi Kang and his mother were taken by Pak Yung-hio to the palace; contemporary rumors claimed that the coup d'état tried to replace the king with Yi Kang;[3] but after the coup ended, Yi left the palace again. During his young age, Yi Kang grew up with a bad reputation because of his behavior.[2]
Later, Queen Min, Gojong's wife, asked her husband to grant Yi Kang a title, so Yi Kang became Prince Uihwa (의화군) in 1892.[4] After three rounds of choosing in 1893,[5] the daughter of an official Kim Sa-jun, Lady Kim Su-deok, was chosen to be the spouse of Yi Kang, which was arranged by Queen Min.[6] Lady Kim, also known as "Lady Kim of Deokindang", was a distant relative to Queen Inmok, the queen consort of Seonjo of Joseon in the early 17th century;[ii] Yi Kang did not have children by her. Even after getting married, Yi Kang got involved in debt and lawsuit problems.[6]
Prince Yi Kang was appointed special ambassador to the Empire of Japan for the celebration ceremonies for Japan's victory in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895.[8] Yun Chi-ho, who met Yi before going Europe, assessed him as a smart 18 years old who had a good personality like his father but whom worried to study abroad.[9] In August 1895, Yi was appointed as Special ambassador and visited some European countries including, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Russia, Italy and Austria-Hungary.[8] In 1899, he in Japan. According to Japanese record, 3,000 Won was sent for Yi.[10] While he was not in Korea, Yi Kang was promoted to the rank of Prince Imperial Ui, and styled His Imperial Highness in 1900.[11] At the same year, he went to the United States and began studies at Roanoke College in Salem, Virginia from March 1901, where he majored in mathematics.[12] While he was in the United States, the Korean Government gave him 30,000 Won in 1902.[13] While in America, Yi was beaten by some Americans in 1903.[14] In 1904, some Korean foreign students tried to dethrone Gojong and make Yi the emperor.[15] After graduation, he spent a brief period at the Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio, and then traveled to San Francisco and Hawaii, returning to Korea on 15 March 1906.[12][16] Same year, he got Order of the Golden Ruler.[17] On 8 April 1906, Yi was appointed as Lieutenant General (부장).[18] He was appointed as Chanmogwan and was ordered to participate in the Military parade in Empire of Japan.[19] He received 1st class of Order of the Paulownia Flowers from the Japanese Government while he was in Japan.[20]
Prince Yi Kang served as the president of the Korean Red Cross from 1906 to 1907.[20] On 15 January 1907, Yi persuaded civilians and military personnels to raise Righteous army.[21] When Emperor Gojong abdicated and Emperor Sunjong succeeded as the Emperor, Yi was not appointed as the crown prince, but his younger brother, Yi Un, was appointed as the crown prince because, Yi did not receive public support and Gojong did not like him. Also, Imperial Consort Sunheon bribed Itō Hirobumi, who was the Japanese Resident General of Korea, to appoint her son as the crown prince.[22] When Itō Hirobumi was assassinated by An Jung-geun, Yi was ordered to participate the funeral as deputy of Korean Imperial House.[23] But the order was canceled and Minister of Imperial Household Min Byeong-seok was sent instead.[24]
Under Japanese rule
edit
Following the abdication of Emperor Gojong in 1907, and the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910 by which Korea was annexed to the Empire of Japan, Prince Yi Kang grew increasingly dissatisfied with his status, even though the Japanese provided him with a huge annual allowance. At the same time, the title "Prince Imperial Ui" was abolished and he was known as the "Duke Yi Kang", a title given by Japanese.[25]
During the March 1st Movement, Yi participated as one of the representatives of Korea.[26] Since Yi used to study abroad and know much about the world, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea wanted Yi to join the government. After the escape of Gim Ga-jin, an Imperial Korean official before, the Provisional Government's objective was Yi's refuge to Shanghai.[27] On 9 November 1919, he collaborated with Choe Ik-hwan, a member of Daedongdan, who attempted to support him as the new leader of Korea. Prince Yi Kang then tried to escape to the Provisional Government of Korea based in Shanghai, only to be discovered in Dandong from Manchuria and returned to his home country.[28] Lee Jong-Wook got orders from Ahn Changho to accompany Yi and help escape of Yi. With the help of Cheon Un-boek, who was an employee of the Japanese General Government Building, Yi successfully met Lee Jong-Wook, who came to rescue him. Yi faked his face by attaching mustaches on his face. However, Yi was caught near the Dandong Station, which is located in Zhenxing District.[29] On 13 November 1919, Yi was sent back to Keijō by Japanese police force.[30] After this, the Japanese government claimed that Yi Kang was "abducted" and "wanted to escape to live profligately again".[31] Later, Yi Kang asked to deprive his title multiple times but he wasn't approved. Yi's home became part of Deoksugung.[30]
On 20 November 1919, Yi had an interview with Tongnip Sinmun. He said that he would rather be a peasant of the independent Korea than a noble of Empire of Japan.[32] During the tenure of Saitō Makoto, Saitō met Yi many times and tried to change his stance about the independence.[33] As of November 10, 1925, a law for defining the status of the former Korean imperial family was made; on June 12, 1930, Yi Kang officially retired and his eldest son Yi Geon succeeded him as duke, but Yi Kang's styles and allowances still remained until the end of World War II.[34][35]
Throughout the Japanese rule, there were only few members of Yi Kang family recognized by Japan: Yi Kang himself, his wife Kim Su-deok (Duchess Consort of Yi Kang), his eldest son Duke Yi Geon with his family, and his second son Duke Yi U (adopted as the heir to Duke Yi Jun-yong in 1917) with his family.[36]
After Independence
editAfter the independence of Korea, he continued to live in Seoul, but in increasing poverty.[37] On 9 August 1955 he was baptized a Roman Catholic, given the Christian name "Pius"; Lady Kim was also baptized and given the name of "Maria".[38] Yi said that the reason why he was baptized a Roman Catholic was to apologize for the Anti-Catholic of Joseon led by Heungseon Daewongun.[39] Yi Kang died a week later on August 15, 1955, at the age of 78, in his mansion "Seongrakwon" Manor (now Seongnagwon Garden, in Seongbuk District, Seoul); he was buried at the Hongneung and Yureung imperial tombs in Namyangju near Seoul,[40] where his father and brothers are also buried.[41] His official heritor was chosen as his third son, Yi Bang on 30 June 1970.[42]
Family
editPrince Imperial Ui, Yi Kang married Kim Su-deok (22 December 1880 – 14 January 1964) in 1892; however, the couple had no children. Therefore, all children Yi Gang had, 12 sons and 9 daughters, were born by 13 of his various concubines. Since his first son Yi Geon was naturalized to Japan, and his second to fifth sons were adopted by royal relatives, his sixth son, Yi Gon became the successor of Yi Kang. Currently Yi Gon's first son, Yi Jun(1961~) is the current heir of Prince Imperial Ui and is the chairperson of Prince Imperial Ui Memorial Foundation.[37]
Wife
edit| Name | Hanja and Korean | Birth | Death | Bon-gwan | Parents | Issue |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kim Suk [43][44][iii] |
金淑 김숙 |
22 December 1880 | 14 January 1964 | Yeonan Kim clan | Baron Kim Sa-jun Lady Hwang of the Changwon Hwang clan |
No issue |
Concubines
edit| Courtesy Title | Name | Issue |
|---|---|---|
| Lady Jeong of Sugwan Hall (수관당 정씨) | Lady Jeong (정씨) |
|
| Lady Kim of Suin Hall (수인당 김씨) | Kim Heung-in (김흥인) |
|
| Lady Jeong of Suhyeon Hall (수현당 정씨) | Jeong Un-seok (정운석) |
|
| — | Cho Byeong-suk (조병숙) |
|
| Lady Yi of Sudeok Hall (수덕당 이씨) | Yi Hui-chun (이희춘) |
|
| Lady Kim of Suwan Hall (수완당 김씨) | Kim Jeong-wan (김정완) |
|
| Lady Park of Sugil Hall (수길당 박씨) | Park Yeong-hui (박영희) |
|
| — | Lady Song (송씨) |
|
| Lady Kim of Sugyeong Hall (수경당 김씨) | Kim Chang-hui (김창희) |
|
| — | Kim Geum-deok (김금덕) |
|
| — | Ham Gae-bong (함개봉) |
|
| — | Kim Hye-su (김혜수) |
|
| — | Hong Jeong-sun (홍정순) |
|
Sons
edit| Name | Hanja | Birth Name | Registered Name | Birth | Death | Notes | Family | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Yi Geon 이건 |
李鍵 | Yi Yong-gil 이용길 |
— | 1909 | 1990 |
|
|
| 2 | Yi U 이우 |
李鍝 | Yi Seong-gil 이성길 |
— | 1912 | 1945 |
|
|
| 3 | Yi Bang 이방 |
李鎊 | Yi Heung-gil 이흥길 |
Yi Hae-jin 이해진 |
1914 | 1951 |
| |
| 4 | Yi Chang 이창 |
李鎗 | Yi Chang-gil 이창길 |
Yi Hae-jik 이해직 |
1915 | ? |
|
|
| 5 | Yi Ju 이주 |
李鑄 | Yi Su-gil 이수길 |
Yi Hae-il 이해일 |
1917 | 1982 |
|
|
| 6 | Yi Gon 이곤 |
李錕 | Yi Myung-gil 이명길 |
1919 | 1984 |
|
| |
| 7 | Yi Gwang 이광 |
李鑛 | Yi Hyung-gil 이형길 |
Yi Hae-cheong 이해청 |
1920 | 1952 |
|
|
| 8 | Yi Hyun 이현 |
李鉉 | Yi Gyung-gil 이경길 |
1922 | 1996 |
|
| |
| 9 | Yi Gap 이갑 |
李鉀 | Yi Chung-gil 이충길 |
Yi Hae-ryung 이해룡 |
1938 | 2014 |
|
|
| 10 | Yi Seok 이석 |
李錫 | Yi Yung-gil 이영길 |
Yi Hae-seok 이해석 |
1941 | |||
| 11 | Yi Hwan 이환 |
李鐶 | Yi Mun-gil 이문길 |
Yi Hae-seon 이해선 |
1944 | |||
| 12 | Yi Jeong 이정 |
李鉦 | Yi Jeong-gil 이정길 |
Yi Hae-jun 이해준 |
1947 |
Daughters
edit| Name | Birth Name | Registered Name | Hanja | Birth | Death | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Yi Yung 이영 |
Yi Gil-sun 이길순 |
Yi Hae-wan 이해완 |
李海琬 | 1918 | 1981 | Adopted by Viscount Yi Ki-yong[62] | |
| 2 | Yi Jin 이진 |
Yi Gil-un 이길운 |
Yi Hae-won 이해원 |
李海瑗 | 1919 | 2020 | ||
| 3 | Yi Chan 이찬 |
Yi Gil-yun 이길연 |
Yi Hae-chun 이해춘 |
李海珺 | 1920 | 2009 |
| |
| 4 | Yi Suk 이숙 |
Yi Gil-yung 이길영 |
Yi Hae-suk 이해숙 |
李海璛 | 1920 | ? | ||
| 5 | Yi Gong 이공 |
Yi Gil-sang 이길상 |
Yi Haegyeong 이해경 |
李海瓊 | 1930 |
| ||
| 6 | Yi Jang 이장 |
Yi Hui-ja 이희자 |
李惠子 | 1940 | 2015 |
| ||
| 7 | Yi Yong 이용 |
Yi Suk-gi 이숙기 |
Yi Hae-ran 이해란 |
李海珃 | 1944 | |||
| 8 | Yi Hyun 이현 |
Yi Suk-hyang 이숙향 |
Yi Hae-ryun 이해련 |
李海瑢 | 1950 | |||
| 9 | Yi Min 이민 |
Yi Chang-hui 이창희 |
李昌惠 | 1953 | ||||
Ancestry
edit| Ancestors of Yi Kang[1][71][72][73] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Honours
edit
- Order of the Golden Ruler on 9 April 1906[17]
- Order of the Paulownia Flowers 1st class on 27 April 1906[75]
- Korean Colonization Decoration on 1 August 1912[76]
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun[77]
Notes
edit- ^ According to the Jang family genealogy book published in 1974, Lady Jang was recorded as daughter of Jang Seok-Jeong (장석정, 1736–1796) but the time didn't match; it's also conjectured that her father could be Jang Jwa-geun (장좌근, b. 1819), a grandson of Jang Seok-Jeong, and Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (b. 1821).[1]
- ^ Through her father, Kim Su-deok was an 8-great-grandniece of Queen Inmok.[7]
- ^ "Kim Suk" was her official name, while "Kim Su-deok" was her original name by birth, whereas the more known one.[45]
- ^ A 9-great-grandson of Deokheung Daewongun, the 7th son of Jungjong of Joseon.[74]
Further reading
editJu, Myeong-jun (2006). 의친왕의 상해 망명기도 사건 (in Korean).
References
edit- ^ a b 덕수장씨족보 德水張氏族譜 (Page 548-550)
- ^ a b "Records of the Japanese Legation in Korea", p. 384-385.
- ^ 清季中日韓關係史料-第三卷. Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica. 1 January 1972. p. 1530. ISBN 9789860458626.
十月十九日辰刻，承旨李鳳九筆談：「關內環衛倭人，意欲立新王：王之庶子，張氏所生子，其母子本在於關外矣。日前其母子俱入來，朝臣中用事者洪英植也、金玉均也、朴泳孝也，入于關内之朝臣，殺盡無餘。」 (Around 7am to 9am on December 17, 1884, the Royal Secretaries [承旨] Yi Bonggu [李鳳九] wrote: 'The palace was surrounded by the Japanese and they wanted to replace the king with his illegitimate son, who was born by Lady Jang and the two were previously living outside the palace. Recently, Lady Jang and her son were in the palace, and the officials in charge were Hong Yung-sik, Kim Ok-gyun and Pak Yung-hio; the rest of officials in the palace were all killed.')
- ^ "왕자인 강에게 의화군의 작위를 봉하다". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
- ^ "의화군 부인으로 참봉 김사준의 딸을 정하다". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
- ^ a b "李堈夫人金氏". Retrieved 8 July 2020.
仁穆大妃懲國婚之禍作，書遺本家，世世勿連姻王室，至是思濬上之，后愛金氏容德堅不許，……堈旣出閤，驕侈好貨賄，……干訟徵債如追贜…… (After the disastrous events due to her marriage, Queen Inmok left a note to her family, hoping them never marry the royalties again; the note was given by Kim Sajun to Queen Min, but she liked the virtue of his daughter and persisted her decision. ...After he married, Yi Kang started to live luxuriously and accept bribes,... lawsuits and those who came for debt collection appeared as if they were recovering loots... )
- ^ 연안김씨의민공파보 延安金氏懿愍公派譜 (The Family Tree of Yeongam Kim clan in 1901; Volume 3, Page 1 & 92)
- ^ a b "이강(李堈)". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ "한국사데이터베이스". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- ^ "자료일람 | 한국사데이터베이스". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ^ "중화전에 나아가 황자를 책봉하다". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty.
- ^ a b Park, Seong-mo (2 May 2009). "[honaminworld.kr] 1901년 의친왕 이강의 유별난 유학생활". honaminworld.kr. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ^ "한국사데이터베이스". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- ^ "한국사데이터베이스". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- ^ Journal of the Royal Secretariat. "모반 죄인 장호익 등을 처형하고 체차해 주기를 청하는 중추원 의관 안종덕의 상소". db.itkc.or.kr. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- ^ "한국고전종합DB". db.itkc.or.kr. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- ^ a b "조선왕조실록". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
- ^ Veritable Records of Joseon Dynasty. "조선왕조실록". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- ^ "조선왕조실록". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- ^ a b "한국사데이터베이스". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ^ 사단법인 대한황실문화원. "의친왕 이 강(義親王 李堈, 1877~1955)". www.imperialhouse.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 6 September 2022.
- ^ "英親王垠을 皇太子로 封함". Retrieved 8 July 2020.
朝野皆知新皇帝不慧，且無嗣屬望，……嚴貴妃方專寵，欲貴其子，厚賂博文，冀得其力；義親王堈，年雖長，多失儀、無人望，且孤立援少……由是衆議自歸於垠，援定宗朝故事，立爲皇太子。 (The people by the time knew that the new emperor was not exactly smart and there's no hope for him to produce an heir,... Lady Eom, the Imperial Noble Consort just gained much love from the Emperor [Emeritus] and she wanted to promote her son's position, so she bribed Itō Hirobumi for his support; the Prince Imperial Ui, despite being elder, had many scandals and lost reputation, making him lack to support... and so, people eventually agreed to make Yi Un the crown prince, following the precedent from King Jeongjong of Joseon.)
- ^ Records of the Japanese Legation in Korea. "(58) [葬禮式에 참석 차 義親王 출발 件]".
- ^ Records of the Japanese Legation in Korea. "(65) [伊藤 公 國葬 참가자 宮內府大臣 閔丙奭으로 변경 件]".
- ^ "대일본 천황이 조서를 내리다". Veritable Records of the Joseon dynasty. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
- ^ 삼일운동 아카이브. "선언서". Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ Ju 2006, p. 102.
- ^ "[색다른 인터뷰] 열심히 독립운동했던 유일한 왕손… 아버지 의친왕은 재평가돼야 한다". Hankook Ilbo. 2 September 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ "숨 가빴던 의친왕 이강의 망명길". www.newsmaker.or.kr. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
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