The yoke and arrows (Spanish: Yugo y flechas) or the yoke and the bundle of arrows (Spanish: Yugo y haz de flechas) is a symbolic badge dating back to the dynastic union of Spain's Catholic monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. Subsequent Catholic monarchs continued to use it on their shields to represent a united Spain and symbolize "the heroic virtues of the race".[1]
It was also an allusion to the names of the founding monarchs: Y stood for yugo and for Ysabel (in contemporary spelling) and F stood for flechas and for Ferdinand. The yoke referred to the legend of the Gordian knot, as did Isabel and Ferdinand's motto Tanto monta; the bundle of arrows alluded to the ancient proverb that arrows can be easily broken one by one, but are unbreakable if tied together.[2]
The Spanish Empire
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Many possessions of the Spanish Empire incorporated the yoke and arrows into their coats of arms. Although these countries and territories are no longer part of Spain, some of them retain this symbol in their heraldry, e.g. the coat of arms of Puerto Rico and Panama City. Additionally, minted coins included the symbol since at least Joanna of Castile's reign.[3]
Recent history
editOn 24 January 1927, far-right writer Rafael Sánchez Mazas noted the poetic importance of the symbol, which connected the Catholic Monarchs and the envisioned Spanish future, at a conference in Santander. One story for its official induction into the national syndicalist movement credits Juan Aparicio López, who suggested it for the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (JONS) during its foundation in 1931; while a student at the Faculty of Law of Granada, he was purportedly told by socialist professor Fernando de los Ríos that if fascism were to arise in Spain, the yoke and arrows serve as its symbol as opposed to the fasces. According to Ramiro Ledesma, it was unanimously accepted upon the 1934 merger between JONS and Falange Española into Falange Española de las JONS. That year, José Antonio Primo de Rivera is quoted: "the yoke of labor and the arrows of power".[4] As for its historical importance, he explained the yoke represented King Ferdinand's subjugation of his enemies and the arrows Queen Isabella's expulsion of Muslims.[5] This iteration was popularly referred to as a spider (araña)[6] or crab.[7] During the Spanish Civil War it was used as one of the major emblems of the Nationalist faction. Following their victory in 1937, Falange became the sole legal party, being reorganized into the FET y de las JONS, and their yoke and arrows a main symbol of the Francoist regime, even being conferred as the Imperial Order of the Yoke and Arrows. It was eventually removed during the Spanish transition to democracy, together with the also appropriated Eagle of Saint John.
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Flag of the Spanish Falange -
Logo of the Spanish Falange -
Francoist Spain coat of arms (1939–1945) -
Francoist Spain coat of arms (1945–1977)
From then on, it is no longer representative of Spain or its monarchy and has been considered a symbol of the Fascist far-right, though it continued to be present in the personal coat of arms of King Juan Carlos I.[8] In October 2007, the Spanish Cortes passed a ban on Francoist symbols, including the yoke and arrows. Opposition claimed Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero's administration was "opening old wounds" and "denying Spain its history".[9] Upon his accession to the Spanish throne in 2014, King Felipe VI discontinued their use as part of his personal coat of arms.[10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Wendy Parkins. Fashioning the body politic: dress, gender, citizenship. Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Berg, 2002. Pp. 178
- ^ Olivares Martínez, Diana (2018). "El yugo y las flechas". Base de datos digital de Iconografía Medieval (in European Spanish). Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
- ^ Nesmith, Robert I. (1955). "The Coinage of the First Mint of the Americas at Mexico City 1536-1572". Numismatic Notes and Monographs (131): 38. ISSN 0078-2718. JSTOR 43607454.
- ^ Cervera, César (11 November 2019). "El yugo y las flechas: el símbolo que Falange tomó de los Reyes Católicos por sugerencia de un socialista" [The yoke and arrows: the symbol that Falange took from the Catholic Monarchs by the suggestion of a socialist]. ABC (in European Spanish).
- ^ Basilio, Miriam (2002). "Genealogies for a New State: Painting and Propaganda in Franco's Spain, 1936-1940". Discourse. 24 (3). Detroit: Wayne State University Press: 71. doi:10.1353/dis.2003.0030. ISSN 1522-5321. JSTOR 41389656. S2CID 143243878. ProQuest 212434162.
- ^ Grothe, Meriwynn (1998). "Cultural Schizophrenia in "El Amante Bilingüe"". Hispanic Journal. 19 (1). Indiana University of Pennsylvania: 161. ISSN 0271-0986. JSTOR 44284554. S2CID 159789811.
- ^ Pi-Sunyer, Oriol (21 January 1977). "Political Humor in a Dictatorial State: The Case of Spain". Ethnohistory. 24 (2). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press: 180. doi:10.2307/481742. ISSN 0014-1801. JSTOR 481742. S2CID 147588339.
- ^ "Inicio - S.M. El Rey Don Juan Carlos - Armas de S.M. El Rey Don Juan Carlos".
- ^ Govan, Fiona (12 October 2007). "Spain to remove all symbols of Franco". The Daily Telegraph. No. 47387. London. p. 19. ISSN 0307-1235. Gale A169747068.
- ^ "El escudo real de Felipe VI no tendrá el yugo y las flechas y cambia el azul por el carmesí". 20minutos. 19 June 2014.
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