and Crarae, distilling at Ardrishaig, gunpowder-making at Furnace and Kilfinan, and, above all, fishing. Haddock, whiting and codling are taken, and the famous “Loch Fyne herrings” command the highest price in the market.
FYRD, the name given to the English army, or militia, during
the Anglo-Saxon period (see Army, 60). It is first mentioned
in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle under the date 605. The ealdorman,
or sheriff, of the shire was probably charged with the duty of
calling out and leading the fyrd, which appears always to have
retained a local character, as during the time of the Danish
invasions we read of the fyrd of Kent, of Somerset and of
Devon. As attendance at the fyrd was included in the trinoda necessitas
it was compulsory on all holders of land; but that
it was not confined to them is shown by the following extract
from the laws of Ine, king of the West Saxons, dated about
690, which prescribes the penalty for the serious offence of
neglecting the fyrd: “If a gesithcund man owning land neglect
the fyrd, let him pay 120 shillings, and forfeit his land; one not
owning land 60 shillings; a ceorlish man 30 shillings as fyrdwite.”
The fyrd was gradually superseded by the gathering of the
thegns and their retainers, but it was occasionally called out for
defensive purposes even after the Norman Conquest.
FYT, JOHANNES (1609–1661), Belgian animal painter, was born at Antwerp and christened on the 19th of August 1609.
He was registered apprentice to Hans van den Berghe in 1621.
Professionally van den Berghe was a restorer of old pictures
rather than a painter of new ones. At twenty Johannes Fyt
entered the gild of St Luke as a master, and from that time
till his death in 1661 he produced a vast number of pictures
in which the bold facility of Snyders is united to the powerful
effects of Rembrandt, and harmonies of gorgeous tone are not
less conspicuous than freedom of touch and a true semblance
of nature. There never was such a master of technical processes
as Fyt in the rendering of animal life in its most varied forms.
He may have been less correct in outline, less bold in action
than Snyders, but he was much more skilful and more true in
the reproduction of the coat of deer, dogs, greyhounds, hares
and monkeys, whilst in realizing the plumage of peacocks,
woodcocks, ducks, hawks, and cocks and hens, he had not his
equal, nor was any artist even of the Dutch school more effective
in relieving his compositions with accessories of tinted cloth,
porcelain ware, vases and fruit. He was not clever at figures,
and he sometimes trusted for these to the co-operation of Cornelius
Schut or Willeborts, whilst his architectural backgrounds
were sometimes executed by Quellyn. “Silenus amongst
Fruit and Flowers,” in the Harrach collection at Vienna, “Diana
and her Nymphs with the Produce of the Chase,” in the Belvedere
at Vienna, and “Dead Game and Fruit in front of a Triumphal
Arch,” belonging to Baron von Rothschild at Vienna, are
specimens of the co-operation respectively of Schut, Willeborts
and Quellyn. They are also Fyt’s masterpieces. The earliest
dated work of the master is a cat grabbing at a piece of dead
poultry near a hare and birds, belonging to Baron Cetto at
Munich, and executed in 1644. The latest is a “Dead Snipe
with Ducks,” of 1660, sold with the Jäger collection at Cologne
in 1871. Great power is shown in the bear and boar hunts at
Munich and Ravensworth castle. A “Hunted Roedeer with
Dogs in the Water,” in the Berlin Museum, has some of the life
and more of the roughness of Snyders, but lacks variety of tint
and finish. A splendid specimen is the Page and Parrot near a
table covered with game, guarded by a dog staring at a monkey,
in the Wallace collection. With the needle and the brush
Fyt was equally clever. He etched 16 plates, and those representing
dogs are of their kind unique.
FYZABAD, or Faizabad, a city, district and division of
British India in the United Provinces. The city stands on the
left bank of the river Gogra, 78 m. by rail E. of Lucknow. Pop.
(1901) 75,085. To the E. of Fyzabad, and now forming a
suburb, is the ancient site of Ajodhya (q.v.). Fyzabad was
founded about 1730 by Saʽadat Ali Khan, the first nawab
wazir of Oudh, who built a hunting-lodge here. It received its
present name in the reign of his successor; and Shuja-ud-daula,
the third nawab, laid out a large town and fortified it, and here
he was buried. It was afterwards the residence of the Begums
of Oudh, famous in connexion with the impeachment of Warren
Hastings. When the court of Oudh was removed to Lucknow
in 1775 all the leading merchants and bankers abandoned the
place. At the census of 1869 Fyzabad contained only 37,804
inhabitants; but it is now again advancing in prosperity and
population. On the outbreak of the Mutiny in 1857, the cantonment
contained two regiments of infantry, a squadron of cavalry,
and a light field battery of artillery—all natives. Owing to
their threatening demeanour after the Meerut massacre, many
of the European women and children were sheltered by one of
the great landholders of Oudh, and others were sent to less
disturbed parts of the country. The troops rose, as was anticipated,
and although they at first permitted their officers to take
boats and proceed towards Dinapur, a message was afterwards
sent to a rebel force lower down the river to intercept the fugitives.
Of four boats, one, having passed the rebels unnoticed, succeeded
in reaching Dinapur safely. Of those in the other three boats,
one alone escaped. Fyzabad is now a station for European
as well as for native troops. It is the headquarters of a brigade
in the 8th division of the northern army. There is a government
college. Sugar-refining and trade in agricultural produce are
important.
The District of Fyzabad, lying between the two great rivers Gogra and Gumti, has an area of 1740 sq. m. It is entirely alluvial and well wooded, and has a good climate. Pop. (1901) 1,225,374, an increase of .7% in the decade. The district is traversed throughout its length by the Oudh and Rohilkhand railway from Lucknow to Benares, with a branch to Allahabad. Tanda, with a population in 1901 of 19,853, has the largest production of cotton goods in Oudh.
The Division of Fyzabad has an area of 12,113 sq. m., and comprises the six districts of Fyzabad, Gonda, Bahraich, Sultanpur, Partabgarh and Bara Banki. Pop. (1901) 6,855,991, an increase of 2% in the decade.
