ö-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "o"

Ye'kwana

Variant orthographies

ALIV	ö-
Brazilian standard	ä-
New Tribes	ä-

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

• öy-, o-, oy-, a-, ay-, ödh-, odh-, adh- (allomorphs)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ə-]

Prefix

ö-

1. Marks a noun as having a second-person possessor.
2. Marks a postposition as having a second-person object.
3. Marks a transitive verb as having a second-person patient/object when the agent/subject is of third person with verb forms that take series I markers.
4. Marks a transitive verb as having a second-person patient/object when the agent/subject is unspecified with verb forms that take series II markers.
5. Marks an intransitive verb with patient-like argument as having a second-person argument/subject with verb forms that take series I markers and on all intransitive verbs with verb forms that take series II markers.
6. Marks a verb form derived with n- and -dü or -'jüdü as having a second-person agent/subject.

Usage notes

The form taken by this prefix depends on the first syllable of the stem it attaches to:

• ö- if the first syllable begins with a consonant and its vowel is i, ö, or ü.
• öy- if the first syllable begins with a vowel i, ö, or ü. (No possessible nouns fall into this category; those that would have ö ablaut to e.)
• o- if the first syllable begins with a consonant and its vowel is o or u.
• oy- if the first syllable begins with a vowel o or u.
• a- if the first syllable begins with a consonant and its vowel is a or e.
• ay- if the first syllable begins with a vowel a or e.

In the Cunucunuma River dialect, the above forms with -y- have -dh- or -d- instead.

Inflection

Ye'kwana personal markers

	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		series I verb argument
						transitive patient	intransitive patient-like		intransitive agent-like	transitive agent
first person	ewü	y-, ∅-, ü-, u-1						w-, wi-
first person dual inclusive	küwü	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-								k-, kii-, ki-1
second person	amödö	ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh-							m-, mi-
first person dual exclusive	nña	y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-1			chö-	∅-	n-, ni-
third person	tüwü					n-, ni-
distant past third person		—				kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini-
coreferential/reflexive	—	t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te-				—
reciprocal	—	—	öö-
With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.

	series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient
first person > second person	mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
first person dual exclusive > second person
second person > first person	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
second person > first person dual exclusive
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person	see person X in the chart above

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ə-]

Prefix

ö-

1. allomorph of öt- (detransitivizing prefix).

References

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “ö-”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[1], Lyon, pages 169–171, 188–189
• Hall, Katherine Lee (1988) The morphosyntax of discourse in De'kwana Carib, volumes I and II, Saint Louis, Missouri: PhD Thesis, Washington University, pages 284–287