κλάδος
Ancient Greek
editEtymology
editApparently from a Proto-Hellenic *klə́dos, from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥d-o-s (“piece of wood”), which is traditionally linked to *kelh₂- (“to break”). Often compared with Proto-Slavic *kòlda (“block, log”) and Proto-Germanic *hultą (“wood”). Beekes is skeptical enough of Indo-European origin and particularly the connection of the reconstructed root to *kelh₂- to suggest a Pre-Greek origin, though not skeptical enough to reject an Indo-European origin entirely.[1]
Other potential cognates include Latin clādes, Old Irish caill, Macedonian клада (klada).
Pronunciation
edit- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /klá.dos/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈkla.dos/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈkla.ðos/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈkla.ðos/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈkla.ðos/
Noun
editκλᾰ́δος • (kládos) m (genitive κλᾰ́δου); second declension
- (botany) young slip or shoot of a tree, such as is broken off for grafting
- olive-branch which was wound round with wool and presented by suppliants
- laurel branches used in temples
- (anatomy) branch of a blood vessel
- (figuratively) arm
Inflection
editThe second declension is much more common, but the third is seen, especially in poetic works.
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | ὁ κλᾰ́δος ho kládos |
τὼ κλᾰ́δω tṑ kládō |
οἱ κλᾰ́δοι hoi kládoi | ||||||||||
Genitive | τοῦ κλᾰ́δου toû kládou |
τοῖν κλᾰ́δοιν toîn kládoin |
τῶν κλᾰ́δων tôn kládōn | ||||||||||
Dative | τῷ κλᾰ́δῳ tôi kládōi |
τοῖν κλᾰ́δοιν toîn kládoin |
τοῖς κλᾰ́δοις toîs kládois | ||||||||||
Accusative | τὸν κλᾰ́δον tòn kládon |
τὼ κλᾰ́δω tṑ kládō |
τοὺς κλᾰ́δους toùs kládous | ||||||||||
Vocative | κλᾰ́δε kláde |
κλᾰ́δω kládō |
κλᾰ́δοι kládoi | ||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | ὁ κλᾰ́δος ho kládos |
τὼ κλᾰ́δε tṑ kláde |
οἱ κλᾰ́δες hoi kládes | ||||||||||
Genitive | τοῦ κλᾰδός toû kladós |
τοῖν κλᾰδοῖν toîn kladoîn |
τῶν κλᾰδῶν tôn kladôn | ||||||||||
Dative | τῷ κλᾰδῐ́ tôi kladí |
τοῖν κλᾰδοῖν toîn kladoîn |
τοῖς κλᾰσῐ́ / κλᾰσῐ́ν toîs klasí(n) | ||||||||||
Accusative | τὸν κλᾰ́δᾰ tòn kláda |
τὼ κλᾰ́δε tṑ kláde |
τοὺς κλᾰ́δᾰς toùs kládas | ||||||||||
Vocative | κλᾰ́δος kládos |
κλᾰ́δε kláde |
κλᾰ́δες kládes | ||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | κλᾰ́δος kládos |
κλᾰ́δε kláde |
κλᾰ́δες kládes | ||||||||||
Genitive | κλᾰδός kladós |
κλᾰδοῖῐν kladoîin |
κλᾰδῶν / κλᾰδέων kladôn / kladéōn | ||||||||||
Dative | κλᾰδῐ́ kladí |
κλᾰδοῖῐν kladoîin |
κλᾰσῐ́ / κλᾰ́δεσσῐ / κλᾰ́δεσῐ / κλᾰδέεσσῐ klasí / kládessi / kládesi / kladéessi | ||||||||||
Accusative | κλᾰ́δᾰ kláda |
κλᾰ́δε kláde |
κλᾰ́δᾰς kládas | ||||||||||
Vocative | κλᾰ́δος kládos |
κλᾰ́δε kláde |
κλᾰ́δες kládes | ||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Derived terms
edit- κλαδεία (kladeía)
- κλαδεύματα (kladeúmata)
- κλάδευσις (kládeusis)
- κλαδευτέον (kladeutéon)
- κλαδευτήριον (kladeutḗrion)
- κλαδευτής (kladeutḗs)
- κλαδέω (kladéō)
- κλαδεών (kladeṓn)
- κλαδηφορέω (kladēphoréō)
- κλαδηφόρος (kladēphóros)
- κλάδινος (kládinos)
- κλάδιον (kládion)
- κλαδίσκος (kladískos)
- κλαδοειδής (kladoeidḗs)
- κλαδοτομέω (kladotoméō)
- κλαδοτομία (kladotomía)
- κλαδώδης (kladṓdēs)
- κλαδών (kladṓn)
- ὀλιγόκλαδος (oligóklados)
- πολύκλαδος (polúklados)
Descendants
editReferences
edit- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κλάδος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 708-9
Further reading
edit- “κλάδος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “κλάδος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- κλάδος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- G2798 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- κλάδος in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- “κλάδος”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011
Greek
editEtymology
editLearnedly, borrowed from the Ancient Greek κλάδος (kládos). The figurative and scientific senses, semantic loan from French branche and rameau.[1] Also see the inherited doublets κλαδί (kladí) and κλαρί (klarí). Possibly related to ὀκλαδόν (okladón).
Pronunciation
editNoun
editκλάδος • (kládos) m (plural κλάδοι)
- (horticulture, formal) branch, bough
- (figuratively) branch of organisation
- (biology) clade
- (domain) industry
- Ο τουριστικός κλάδος θα χρειαστεί χρόνο για να ανακάμψει.
- O touristikós kládos tha chreiasteí chróno gia na anakámpsei.
- The tourism industry will need time to recover.
Declension
editsingular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | κλάδος (kládos) | κλάδοι (kládoi) |
genitive | κλάδου (kládou) | κλάδων (kládon) |
accusative | κλάδο (kládo) | κλάδους (kládous) |
vocative | κλάδε (kláde) | κλάδοι (kládoi) |
Related terms
edit- ακλάδευτος (akládeftos, “unpruned”)
- άκλαδος (áklados, “unbranched; untrimmed”)
- ακλάδωτος (akládotos, “with branches - undamaged”)
- ακλάρωτος (aklárotos, “with branches - undamaged”)
- ανακλαδίζομαι (anakladízomai, “stretch, squat”)
- ανακλάδισμα n (anakládisma, “stretch”)
- διακλάδωση f (diakládosi, “division in branches”)
- δικακλαδίζομαι (dikakladízomai, “divide in branches”)
- κλάδα f (kláda, “large branch”)
- κλαδάκι (kladáki, “twig, twiglet”, adjective)
- κλάδεμα n (kládema, “pruning”)
- κλάδευμα n (kládevma, “pruning”)
- κλαδευτήρα f (kladeftíra, “pruning knife, bill-hook”)
- κλαδευτήρι n (kladeftíri, “secateurs, loppers”)
- κλαδευτής m (kladeftís, “pruner”)
- κλαδεύω (kladévo, “I prune”)
- κλαδί n (kladí, “branch, twig”)
- κλαδικός (kladikós, “cladic, sectoral”, adjective)
- κλαδώνω (kladóno, “to branch”)
- κλαδωτός (kladotós, “appliqued, sprigged”, adjective)
- κλαρί n (klarí, “branch, twig”)
- κυκλαδικός (kykladikós, “cycladic”)
- ματόκλαδο n (matóklado, “eyelash”)
- μετά βαΐων και κλάδων (metá vaḯon kai kládon)
- ξερόκλαδο n (xeróklado, “dead branch”)
- παρακλάδι n (parakládi, “offshoot”)
- περικοκλάδα f (perikokláda, “bindweed”)
- πολυκλαδικός (polykladikós, “multidisciplinary, multibranched”)
- χαμόκλαδο n (chamóklado, “understorey, undergrowth”)
- and see: κλαδεύω (kladévo, “to prune”) and κλαρί n (klarí, “branch, twig”)
References
edit- ^ κλάδος, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic
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