σάκχαρ

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

• σάκχαρι (sákkhari), σάκχαρις (sákkharis), σάκχαρον (sákkharon)

Etymology

From Pali sakkharā, from Sanskrit शर्करा (śarkarā, “grit, gravel; ground or candied sugar”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /sákʰ.kʰar/ → /ˈsak.xar/ → /ˈsak.xar/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /sákʰ.kʰar/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈsak.kʰar/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈsak.xar/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈsak.xar/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈsak.xar/

Noun

σᾰ́κχαρ • (sákkhar) n (genitive σᾰ́κχαρος); third declension

1. sugar
2. sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum)

Inflection

Third declension of τὸ σᾰ́κχαρ; τοῦ σᾰ́κχαρος (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ σᾰ́κχαρ tò sákkhar	τὼ σᾰ́κχαρε tṑ sákkhare	τᾰ̀ σᾰ́κχαρᾰ tà sákkhara
Genitive	τοῦ σᾰ́κχαρος toû sákkharos	τοῖν σᾰκχάροιν toîn sakkhároin	τῶν σᾰκχάρων tôn sakkhárōn
Dative	τῷ σᾰ́κχαρῐ tôi sákkhari	τοῖν σᾰκχάροιν toîn sakkhároin	τοῖς σᾰ́κχαρσῐ / σᾰ́κχαρσῐν toîs sákkharsi(n)
Accusative	τὸ σᾰ́κχαρ tò sákkhar	τὼ σᾰ́κχαρε tṑ sákkhare	τᾰ̀ σᾰ́κχαρᾰ tà sákkhara
Vocative	σᾰ́κχαρ sákkhar	σᾰ́κχαρε sákkhare	σᾰ́κχαρᾰ sákkhara
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Third declension of τὸ σᾰ́κχαρ; τοῦ σᾰ́κχαρος (Laconian)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ σᾰ́κχαρ tò sákkhar	τὼ σᾰ́κχαρε tṑ sákkhare	τᾰ̀ σᾰ́κχαρᾰ tà sákkhara
Genitive	τοῦ σᾰ́κχαρος toû sákkharos	τοῖν σᾰκχάροιν toîn sakkhároin	τῶν σᾰκχάρων tôn sakkhárōn
Dative	τῷ σᾰ́κχαρῐ tôi sákkhari	τοῖν σᾰκχάροιν toîn sakkhároin	τοῖς σᾰ́κχαρσῐ / σᾰ́κχαρσῐν toîs sákkharsi(n)
Accusative	τὸ σᾰ́κχαρ tò sákkhar	τὼ σᾰ́κχαρε tṑ sákkhare	τᾰ̀ σᾰ́κχαρᾰ tà sákkhara
Vocative	σᾰ́κχαρ sákkhar	σᾰ́κχαρε sákkhare	σᾰ́κχαρᾰ sákkhara
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Descendants

• Byzantine Greek: ζάχαρις (zákharis)
  • Greek: ζάχαρη (záchari)
    • → Aromanian: zahãri
    • → Bulgarian: захар (zahar)
    • → Romanian: zahăr
• → Coptic: ⲍⲁⲭⲣⲓ (zakhri)
• → Latin: saccharon
  • New Latin: saccharum (see there for further descendants)
• → Old East Slavic: сахаръ (saxarŭ)
  • Old Ruthenian: са́харъ (sáxar)
    • Belarusian: са́хар (sáxar) (dialectal)
    • Ukrainian: са́хар (sáxar)
  • Russian: са́хар (sáxar) (see there for further descendants)

Further reading

• “σάκχαρ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• σάκχαρ in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette