кал

Bulgarian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *kalъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kaɫ]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aɫ

Noun

кал • (kal) f

1. mud, dirt

Declension

Declension of кал

	singular
indefinite	кал kal
definite	калта́ kaltá

References

• “кал”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
• “кал”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010

Anagrams

• лак (lak)

Erzya

Кал.

Etymology

From Proto-Mordvinic *kalə, from Proto-Uralic *kala (“fish”). Cognates include Finnish kala, Kildin Sami кӯлль (kūll’), Eastern Mari кол (kol), Hungarian hal, Tundra Nenets халя (xalya).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kal/
• Rhymes: -al
• Hyphenation: кал

Noun

кал • (kal)

1. fish
   • 1865, Ferdinand Johann Wiedemann, Das Evangelium des Matthäus ersamordwinisch, page 21:

     I ježeli väševeľ kal, maksovoľ tenze jozne?

     Or if he asks for a fish, will give him a snake?

Declension

This entry needs an inflection-table template.

Hyponyms

• сэрьге (seŕge, “roach”)

References

• B. A. Serebrennikov, R. N. Buzakova, M. V. Mosin (1993) “кал”, in Эрзянь-рузонь валкс [Erzya-Russian dictionary], Moscow: Русский язык, →ISBN
• Entry #228 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.

Macedonian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kalъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kaɫ]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

кал • (kal) m or f (plural калови, diminutive калца, augmentative калиште)

1. mud

Declension

(Masculine declension)

Declension of кал

	singular	plural
indefinite	кал (kal)	калови (kalovi)
definite unspecified	калот (kalot)	каловите (kalovite)
definite proximal	калов (kalov)	каловиве (kalovive)
definite distal	калон (kalon)	каловине (kalovine)
vocative	калу (kalu)	калови (kalovi)
count form	—	кала (kala)

(Feminine declension)

Declension of кал

	singular
indefinite	кал (kal)
definite unspecified	калта (kalta)
definite proximal	калва (kalva)
definite distal	кална (kalna)
vocative	кал (kal)

Derived terms

• искалоса pf (iskalosa)
• калиште n (kalište)
• каллив (kalliv)
• калца f (kalca)

 

Moksha

Кал.

Etymology

From Proto-Mordvinic *kalə, from Proto-Uralic *kala. Cognate with Erzya кал (kal).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkal/
• Rhymes: -al
• Hyphenation: кал

Noun

кал • (kal)

1. fish

Declension

Declension of кал
		singular	plural
nominative (...)		кал kal	калхт kalht
genitive (of ...)		калонь kaloń
dative (to ...)		калонди kalońďi
comparative (like ...)		калшка kalška
ablative (than ...)		калда kalda
lative (into ...)		калу kalu
illative (into ...)		калс kals
inessive (in ...)		калса kalsa
elative (out of ...)		калста kalsta
prolative (through ...)		калга kalga
causative (for ...)		калонкса kalonksa
translative (becoming ...)		калкс kalks
abessive (without ...)		калфтома kalftoma

Definite declension of кал
		singular	plural
nominative (...)		калсь kaľś	калне kaľńe
genitive (of ...)		калть kaľť	калнень kaľńeń
dative (to ...)		калти kaľťi	калненди kaľńeńďi

Derived terms

nouns

• калонь кундай (kaloń kundaj)
• калонь кундама (kaloń kundama)
• калонь салай (kaloń salaj)

 

References

• V. I. Shchankina (1993) “кал”, in Мокшень-рузонь валкс [Moksha-Russian dictionary], Saransk: MKI, →ISBN, page 41

Russian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old East Slavic калъ (kalŭ, “mud, muddy puddle, scum, sewage”), from Proto-Slavic *kalъ (“mud, swamp”).

Alternative forms

• калъ (kal) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kaɫ]

Noun

кал • (kal) m inan (genitive ка́ла, nominative plural ка́лы, genitive plural ка́лов)

1. dung, excrement, feces, poo

   Synonyms: испражне́ния (ispražnénija), наво́з (navóz), помёт (pomjót), стул (stul), экскреме́нты (ekskreménty), фека́лии (fekálii)

   • 1842, Николай Гоголь [Nikolai Gogol], chapter VIII, in Лакейская; English translation from (Please provide a date or year):

     Позво́льте вам доложи́ть, А́нна Гаври́ловна, что кучера́ кучера́м рознь. Оно́, коне́чно, так как кучера́, по обыкнове́нию бо́льше своему́, нахо́дятся неотлу́чно при лошадя́х, иногда́ подчища́ют, с позволе́ния сказа́ть, кал[...]

     Pozvólʹte vam doložítʹ, Ánna Gavrílovna, što kučerá kučerám roznʹ. Onó, konéšno, tak kak kučerá, po obyknovéniju bólʹše svojemú, naxódjatsja neotlúčno pri lošadjáx, inogdá podčiščájut, s pozvolénija skazátʹ, kal[...]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Declension

Declension of кал (inan masc-form hard-stem accent-a) 

	singular	plural
nominative	ка́л kál	ка́лы kály
genitive	ка́ла kála	ка́лов kálov
dative	ка́лу kálu	ка́лам kálam
accusative	ка́л kál	ка́лы kály
instrumental	ка́лом kálom	ка́лами kálami
prepositional	ка́ле kále	ка́лах kálax

Derived terms

• ка́ловый (kálovyj)

Etymology 2

Abbreviation of кало́рия (kalórija, “calorie”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kɐˈɫorʲɪjə] (phonetic respelling: кало́рия)

Noun

кал • (kal) f inan (indeclinable)

1. cal, calorie

Anagrams

• лак (lak)

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kalъ, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂los (“dark”), whence also Latin cālīgō (“darkness, gloom”) and Sanskrit काल (kāla, “black”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kâːl/

Noun

ка̑л m (Latin spelling kȃl)

1. mud

   Synonyms: блато, муљ, каљуга

Declension

Declension of кал

	singular	plural
nominative	кал	кали
genitive	кала	кала
dative	калу	калима
accusative	кал	кале
vocative	калу	кали
locative	калу	калима
instrumental	калем	калима

Ukrainian

Etymology

Inherited from Old East Slavic калъ (kalŭ), from Proto-Slavic *kalъ (“dirt”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kaɫ]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

кал • (kal) m inan (genitive ка́лу, uncountable)

1. excrement, feces, poo, dung
2. (figuratively, vulgar) crap, junk, trash, shit
3. (dated or dialectal) dirt, mud

Declension

Declension of кал (inan sg-only hard masc-form accent-a)

	singular
nominative	кал kal
genitive	ка́лу kálu
dative	ка́лові, ка́лу kálovi, kálu
accusative	кал kal
instrumental	ка́лом kálom
locative	ка́лу, ка́лі kálu, káli
vocative	ка́ле kále

Derived terms

• ка́ловий (kálovyj)
• ка́льний (kálʹnyj)
• кали́на f (kalýna)
• кали́ти impf (kalýty)

Further reading

• Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “кал”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
• “кал”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
• “кал”, in Kyiv Dictionary (in English)
• “кал”, in Словник.ua [Slovnyk.ua] (in Ukrainian)