دهقان
Arabic
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Middle Persian [script needed] (dhywkʾn' /dahigān/).
Pronunciation
editNoun
editدِهْقَان or دُهْقَان • (dihqān or duhqān) m (plural دَهَاقِين (dahāqīn), feminine دِهْقَانَة (dihqāna))
- dehqan, publican
- a. 1283, Abū Yahyā Zakariyāʾ ibn Muhammad al-Qazwīnīy, edited by Ferdinand Wüstenfeld, آثار البلاد وأخبار العباد [ʾāṯār al-bilād wa-ʾaḵbār al-ʿibād][1], Göttingen: Verlag der Dieterichschen Buchhandlung, published 1848, page 278 line 11 a fine:
- publican, alekeeper
- a. 869, الْجَاحِظ [al-jāḥiẓ], edited by مُحَمَّد عَلِيّ أَبُو الْعَبَّاس [muḥammad ʕaliyy ʔabū l-ʕabbās], اَلْبُخَلَاء [al-buḵalāʔ, The Misers], Cairo, Egypt: اَلْهَيْئَة المِصْرِيَّة الْعَامَّة لِلْكِتَاب, published 2012, →ISBN, page 56:
- وَٱللّٰهِ إِنِّي لَأُفَضِّلُ الدَّهَاقِينَ حِينَ عَابُوا الْحَسْوَ، وَتَقَزَّزُوا مِنَ التَّعَرُّقِ، وَبَهْرَجُوا صَاحِبَ التَّمْشِيشِ، وَحِينَ أَكَلُوا بِالْبَارَجِينِ وَقَطَعُوا بِالسِّكِّينِ، وَلَزِمُوا عِنْدَ الطَّعَامِ السَّكْتَةَ، وَتَرَكُوا الْخَوْضَ، وَٱخْتَارُوا الزَّمْزَمَةَ.
- wal-lāhi ʔinnī laʔufaḍḍilu ad-dahāqīna ḥīna ʕābū l-ḥaswa, wataqazzazū mina t-taʕarruqi, wabahrajū ṣāḥiba t-tamšīši, waḥīna ʔakalū bi-l-bārajīni waqaṭaʕū bi-s-sikkīni, walazimū ʕinda ṭ-ṭaʕāmi s-saktata, watarakū l-ḵawḍa, waḵtārū z-zamzamata.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Declension
editSingular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | دِهْقَان; دُهْقَان dihqān; duhqān |
الدِّهْقَان; الدُّهْقَان ad-dihqān; ad-duhqān |
دِهْقَان; دُهْقَان dihqān; duhqān |
Nominative | دِهْقَانٌ; دُهْقَانٌ dihqānun; duhqānun |
الدِّهْقَانُ; الدُّهْقَانُ ad-dihqānu; ad-duhqānu |
دِهْقَانُ; دُهْقَانُ dihqānu; duhqānu |
Accusative | دِهْقَانًا; دُهْقَانًا dihqānan; duhqānan |
الدِّهْقَانَ; الدُّهْقَانَ ad-dihqāna; ad-duhqāna |
دِهْقَانَ; دُهْقَانَ dihqāna; duhqāna |
Genitive | دِهْقَانٍ; دُهْقَانٍ dihqānin; duhqānin |
الدِّهْقَانِ; الدُّهْقَانِ ad-dihqāni; ad-duhqāni |
دِهْقَانِ; دُهْقَانِ dihqāni; duhqāni |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | دِهْقَانَيْن; دُهْقَانَيْن dihqānayn; duhqānayn |
الدِّهْقَانَيْن; الدُّهْقَانَيْن ad-dihqānayn; ad-duhqānayn |
دِهْقَانَيْ; دُهْقَانَيْ dihqānay; duhqānay |
Nominative | دِهْقَانَانِ; دُهْقَانَانِ dihqānāni; duhqānāni |
الدِّهْقَانَانِ; الدُّهْقَانَانِ ad-dihqānāni; ad-duhqānāni |
دِهْقَانَا; دُهْقَانَا dihqānā; duhqānā |
Accusative | دِهْقَانَيْنِ; دُهْقَانَيْنِ dihqānayni; duhqānayni |
الدِّهْقَانَيْنِ; الدُّهْقَانَيْنِ ad-dihqānayni; ad-duhqānayni |
دِهْقَانَيْ; دُهْقَانَيْ dihqānay; duhqānay |
Genitive | دِهْقَانَيْنِ; دُهْقَانَيْنِ dihqānayni; duhqānayni |
الدِّهْقَانَيْنِ; الدُّهْقَانَيْنِ ad-dihqānayni; ad-duhqānayni |
دِهْقَانَيْ; دُهْقَانَيْ dihqānay; duhqānay |
Plural | basic broken plural diptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | دَهَاقِين dahāqīn |
الدَّهَاقِين ad-dahāqīn |
دَهَاقِين dahāqīn |
Nominative | دَهَاقِينُ dahāqīnu |
الدَّهَاقِينُ ad-dahāqīnu |
دَهَاقِينُ dahāqīnu |
Accusative | دَهَاقِينَ dahāqīna |
الدَّهَاقِينَ ad-dahāqīna |
دَهَاقِينَ dahāqīna |
Genitive | دَهَاقِينَ dahāqīna |
الدَّهَاقِينِ ad-dahāqīni |
دَهَاقِينِ dahāqīni |
Derived terms
edit- دَهْقَنَ (dahqana, “to make dehqan, to elevate into the dehqan peerage”)
- دَهْقَنَة (dahqana, “noble character; astuteness, shrewdness”)
Descendants
edit- → Ottoman Turkish: دِهْقَان (dihkân)
- Turkish: dihkan
- → Persian: دِهْقَان (dehqân)
References
edit- Ullmann, Manfred (1992) Das Motiv des Spiegels in der arabischen Literatur des Mittelalters (Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen: Philologisch-historische Klasse; 198) (in German), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pages 145–147
Ottoman Turkish
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Arabic دِهْقَان (dihqān, “dehqan, publican”), itself from Middle Persian [script needed] (dhywkʾn' /dahigān/).
Noun
editدهقان • (dihkân) (definite accusative دهقانی (dihkânı), plural دهاقین (dehâkin))
- peasant, peon, serf, any member of the lowly social class that toils on the land
- Synonym: كویلو (köylü)
- farmer, agriculturist, husbandman, a person who raises crops and tends animals
- (historical) deghan, a class of land-owning magnates during the Sassanian period
Derived terms
edit- دهقانی (dihkânî, “pertaining to the country”)
Descendants
edit- Turkish: dihkan
Further reading
edit- Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “dihkan”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1212
- Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “دهقان”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français[2], Vienna: F. Beck, page 238b
- Kélékian, Diran (1911) “دهقان”, in Dictionnaire turc-français[3], Constantinople: Mihran, page 594
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Paganus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum[4], Vienna, column 1233
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “دهقان”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum[5], Vienna, column 2202
- Redhouse, James W. (1890) “دهقان”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon[6], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 930
Persian
editEtymology
editThe form from Arabic دِهْقَان (dihqān), from Middle Persian [script needed] (dhywkʾn' /dahigān/, “countryman, farmer”), also found as دهگان (dehgân) and دهخان (dehxân). By surface analysis, ده (deh, “village”) + ـگان (-gân, “pertaining to, -er”). Akin to Old Armenian դեհկան-ութիւն (dehkan-utʻiwn), Classical Syriac ܕܗܩܢܐ (dahqānā).
Pronunciation
edit- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [dih.ˈqɑːn]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [d̪eɦ.ɢɒ́ːn]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [d̪eɦ.qɔ́n]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | dihqān |
Dari reading? | dehqān |
Iranian reading? | dehğân |
Tajik reading? | dehqon |
Noun
editDari | دهقان |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | деҳқон |
دهقان • (dehqân)
- farmer, peasant
- Synonym: کشاورز (kešâvarz)
- c. 1390, Hafez, “Ghazal 486”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divan of Hafez][7]:
- دهقان سالخورده چه خوش گفت با پسر
کای نور چشم من! بهجز از کشته ندروی- dihqān-i sāl-xwarda či xwaš guft bā pisar
k-ay nūr-i čašm-i man! ba joz az kišta na-dirawī - How well the aged peasant spoke to his son:
"O light of my eyes! You reap nothing but what was planted."
- dihqān-i sāl-xwarda či xwaš guft bā pisar
- 1962, Jalal Al-e-Ahmad, غربزدگی [Occidentosis: A Plague from the West]:
- به هر صورت درست است که مشخصّات دقیق یک زلزله را باید از زلزلهسنج دانشگاه پرسید، امّا پیش از این که زلزلهسنج، چیزی ضبط کند اسب دهقان، اگرچه نانجیب هم باشد، گریخته است و سر به بیابان امن گذاشته […]
- be har surat dorost ast ke mošaxxasât-e daqiq-e yek zelzele râ bâyad az zelzele-sanj-e dânešgâh porsid, ammâ piš az in ke zelzele-sanj, čizi zabt konad asb-e dehqân, agarče nânajib ham bâšad, gorixte ast va sar be biyâbân-e amn gozâšte […]
- It is true in any case that the university seismograph must be consulted for the exact details of an earthquake, but before the seismograph has recorded a thing, the peasant's horse, though not at all a noble animal, will already have fled and set off for the safe wilderness […]
- (historical) dihqan (local aristocrat in late Sasanian and early Islamic Iran)
- c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Reign of Bahrām Gōr”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings][8]:
- نه بازارگان ماند ایدر نه شاه
نه دهقان نه لشکر نه تخت و کلاه- na bāzārgān mānd andar na šāh
na dihqān na laškar na taxt u kulāh - No merchant remained there, nor a king,
No lord nor army nor throne and crown.
- na bāzārgān mānd andar na šāh
- (obsolete, by extension from "Persian aristocrat") Persian, Iranian (as opposed to Arabs and Turks)
- c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Reign of Yazdgird”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings][9]:
- نه دهقان نه ترک و نه تازی بود
سخنها به کردار بازی بود- na dihqān na turk u na tāzī buwad
suxan-hā ba kirdār-i bāzī buwad - They will be neither Persian nor Turk nor Arab,
Their words will be in the manner of a joke.
- na dihqān na turk u na tāzī buwad
Derived terms
edit- دهقانی (dehqâni)
Descendants
editProper noun
editDari | دهقان |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | Деҳқон |
دهقان • (dehqân)
Further reading
edit- Ciancaglini, Claudia A. (2008) Iranian loanwords in Syriac (Beiträge zur Iranistik; 28)[10], Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, page 148
- Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 139
- Vullers, Johann August (1855) “دهقان”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum[11] (in Latin), volume I, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 942
- Arabic terms borrowed from Middle Persian
- Arabic terms derived from Middle Persian
- Arabic 2-syllable words
- Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Arabic lemmas
- Arabic nouns
- Arabic masculine nouns
- Arabic terms with quotations
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote singular
- Arabic nouns with broken plural
- Arabic nouns with basic diptote broken plural
- ar:Nobility
- ar:Occupations
- ar:Wine
- Ottoman Turkish terms borrowed from Arabic
- Ottoman Turkish terms derived from Arabic
- Ottoman Turkish terms derived from Middle Persian
- Ottoman Turkish lemmas
- Ottoman Turkish nouns
- Ottoman Turkish terms with historical senses
- ota:Occupations
- Persian terms borrowed from Arabic
- Persian terms derived from Arabic
- Persian terms inherited from Middle Persian
- Persian terms derived from Middle Persian
- Persian doublets
- Persian terms suffixed with ـگان
- Persian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Persian lemmas
- Persian nouns
- Persian terms with quotations
- Persian terms with historical senses
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- Persian proper nouns
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