سرد

Arabic

Root
س ر د (s r d)
1 term

Etymology

Cognate with Hebrew סֵדֶר (séder, “order”) and סִדְרָה (sidra, “sequence, series”)

Pronunciation

• Verb: IPA^(key): /sa.ra.da/
• Noun: IPA^(key): /sard/

Verb

سَرَدَ • (sarada) I (non-past يَسْرُدُ (yasrudu), verbal noun سَرْد (sard))

1. to arrange one after the other
2. to link (of chain and mail)

   Synonym: سَلْسَلَ (salsala)

3. to sew, to fasten together
4. to continue

   Synonym: وَصَلَ (waṣala)

5. to detail in a sequence, to list
6. to narrate, to report, to tell

   Synonyms: قَصَّ (qaṣṣa), رَوَى (rawā)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of سَرَدَ (I, sound, a ~ u, full passive, verbal noun سَرْد)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						سَرْد sard
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						سَارِد sārid
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَسْرُود masrūd
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	سَرَدْتُ saradtu	سَرَدْتَ saradta	سَرَدَ sarada		سَرَدْتُمَا saradtumā	سَرَدَا saradā		سَرَدْنَا saradnā	سَرَدْتُمْ saradtum	سَرَدُوا saradū
	f		سَرَدْتِ saradti	سَرَدَتْ saradat			سَرَدَتَا saradatā			سَرَدْتُنَّ saradtunna	سَرَدْنَ saradna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَسْرُدُ ʔasrudu	تَسْرُدُ tasrudu	يَسْرُدُ yasrudu		تَسْرُدَانِ tasrudāni	يَسْرُدَانِ yasrudāni		نَسْرُدُ nasrudu	تَسْرُدُونَ tasrudūna	يَسْرُدُونَ yasrudūna
	f		تَسْرُدِينَ tasrudīna	تَسْرُدُ tasrudu			تَسْرُدَانِ tasrudāni			تَسْرُدْنَ tasrudna	يَسْرُدْنَ yasrudna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَسْرُدَ ʔasruda	تَسْرُدَ tasruda	يَسْرُدَ yasruda		تَسْرُدَا tasrudā	يَسْرُدَا yasrudā		نَسْرُدَ nasruda	تَسْرُدُوا tasrudū	يَسْرُدُوا yasrudū
	f		تَسْرُدِي tasrudī	تَسْرُدَ tasruda			تَسْرُدَا tasrudā			تَسْرُدْنَ tasrudna	يَسْرُدْنَ yasrudna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَسْرُدْ ʔasrud	تَسْرُدْ tasrud	يَسْرُدْ yasrud		تَسْرُدَا tasrudā	يَسْرُدَا yasrudā		نَسْرُدْ nasrud	تَسْرُدُوا tasrudū	يَسْرُدُوا yasrudū
	f		تَسْرُدِي tasrudī	تَسْرُدْ tasrud			تَسْرُدَا tasrudā			تَسْرُدْنَ tasrudna	يَسْرُدْنَ yasrudna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		اُسْرُدْ usrud			اُسْرُدَا usrudā				اُسْرُدُوا usrudū
	f		اُسْرُدِي usrudī							اُسْرُدْنَ usrudna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	سُرِدْتُ suridtu	سُرِدْتَ suridta	سُرِدَ surida		سُرِدْتُمَا suridtumā	سُرِدَا suridā		سُرِدْنَا suridnā	سُرِدْتُمْ suridtum	سُرِدُوا suridū
	f		سُرِدْتِ suridti	سُرِدَتْ suridat			سُرِدَتَا suridatā			سُرِدْتُنَّ suridtunna	سُرِدْنَ suridna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُسْرَدُ ʔusradu	تُسْرَدُ tusradu	يُسْرَدُ yusradu		تُسْرَدَانِ tusradāni	يُسْرَدَانِ yusradāni		نُسْرَدُ nusradu	تُسْرَدُونَ tusradūna	يُسْرَدُونَ yusradūna
	f		تُسْرَدِينَ tusradīna	تُسْرَدُ tusradu			تُسْرَدَانِ tusradāni			تُسْرَدْنَ tusradna	يُسْرَدْنَ yusradna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُسْرَدَ ʔusrada	تُسْرَدَ tusrada	يُسْرَدَ yusrada		تُسْرَدَا tusradā	يُسْرَدَا yusradā		نُسْرَدَ nusrada	تُسْرَدُوا tusradū	يُسْرَدُوا yusradū
	f		تُسْرَدِي tusradī	تُسْرَدَ tusrada			تُسْرَدَا tusradā			تُسْرَدْنَ tusradna	يُسْرَدْنَ yusradna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُسْرَدْ ʔusrad	تُسْرَدْ tusrad	يُسْرَدْ yusrad		تُسْرَدَا tusradā	يُسْرَدَا yusradā		نُسْرَدْ nusrad	تُسْرَدُوا tusradū	يُسْرَدُوا yusradū
	f		تُسْرَدِي tusradī	تُسْرَدْ tusrad			تُسْرَدَا tusradā			تُسْرَدْنَ tusradna	يُسْرَدْنَ yusradna

Noun

سَرْد • (sard) m

1. verbal noun of سَرَدَ (sarada) (form I)

Declension

Declension of noun سَرْد (sard)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	سَرْد sard	السَّرْد as-sard	سَرْد sard
Nominative	سَرْدٌ sardun	السَّرْدُ as-sardu	سَرْدُ sardu
Accusative	سَرْدًا sardan	السَّرْدَ as-sarda	سَرْدَ sarda
Genitive	سَرْدٍ sardin	السَّرْدِ as-sardi	سَرْدِ sardi

Further reading

• Freytag, Georg (1833) “سرد”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎^[1] (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 307
• Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “سرد”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎^[2] (in French), volume 1, Paris: Maisonneuve et C^ie, page 1043a
• Lane, Edward William (1863) “سرد”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎^[3], London: Williams & Norgate, page 1346
• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “سرد”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎^[4], London: W.H. Allen, page 490
• Wehr, Hans (1979) “سرد”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 474

Persian

Etymology

From Middle Persian slt' (/⁠sard⁠/, “cold”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ˈsaɾð]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [sǽɹd̪]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [sǽɹd̪]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [sǽɹd̪]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [sǽɹd̪̥]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [sǽɹd̪̥]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [sǽɹd̪]

Readings
Classical reading?	sard
Dari reading?	sard
Iranian reading?	sard
Tajik reading?	sard

• Audio (Iran):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ard

Adjective

Dari	سرد
Iranian Persian
Tajik	сард

سرد • (sard) (comparative سردتَر (sard-tar), superlative سردتَرین (sard-tarin))

1. cold (of temperature)

   Synonym: یخ (yax) (in Dari)

   Antonym: گرم (garm, “warm”)

   • c. 1260, Rumi, “3:3239”, in The Masnavi:

     دست و رو را شست و زان آب سرد.

     dast u ru-râ šost u zân âb-e sard.

     he washed his hands and face with that cold water.

     (Reynold A. Nicholson translation)

2. (figurative) unenthusiastic, lukewarm, discouraged

   Antonym: گرم (garm, “warm, enthusiastic”)

3. (figurative) cold, bitter

   آه سرد ― âh-e sard ― bitter sigh

Derived terms

• آب‌سردکن (âb-sard-kon)
• جنگ سرد (jang-e sard)
• سرداب (sardâb)
• سردخانه (sardxâne)
• سردسیر (sardsir)
• سردسیری (sardsiri)
• سردی (sardi)

 

Further reading

• Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “سرد”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press
• Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “سرد”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim

Urdu

Etymology 1

From Sanskrit शरद् (śarad).

Noun

سرد • (sarad) f (Hindi spelling सरद)

1. autumn
2. fall (season)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Classical Persian سرد (sard), from Middle Persian slt' (sard).

Adjective

سرد • (sard) (Hindi spelling सर्द)

1. cold

   Synonym: ٹھنڈا (ṭhaṇḍā)

References

• John T. Platts (2012 July 31 (last accessed)) “A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎^[5]