هم

See also: همـ and ہم

Arabic

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /hum/

• Audio:

  (file)

Pronoun

هُمْ • (hum) m pl (enclitic form ـهُم or ـهِم)

1. they (masculine plural subject pronoun)

See also

Arabic personal pronouns
Isolated nominative1 pronouns
		singular	dual	plural
1st person		أَنَا (ʔanā)	نَحْنُ (naḥnu)
2nd person	m	أَنْتَ (ʔanta)	أَنْتُمَا (ʔantumā)	أَنْتُمْ (ʔantum)
	f	أَنْتِ (ʔanti)		أَنْتُنَّ (ʔantunna)
3rd person	m	هُوَ (huwa)	هُمَا (humā)	هُمْ (hum), هُمُ (humu)2
	f	هِيَ (hiya)		هُنَّ (hunna)
Isolated accusative pronouns
		singular	dual	plural
1st person		إِيَّايَ (ʔiyyāya)	إِيَّانَا (ʔiyyānā)
2nd person	m	إِيَّاكَ (ʔiyyāka)	إِيَّاكُمَا (ʔiyyākumā)	إِيَّاكُم (ʔiyyākum)
	f	إِيَّاكِ (ʔiyyāki)		إِيَّاكُنَّ (ʔiyyākunna)
3rd person	m	إِيَّاهُ (ʔiyyāhu)	إِيَّاهُمَا (ʔiyyāhumā)	إِيَّاهُمْ (ʔiyyāhum)
	f	إِيَّاهَا (ʔiyyāhā)		إِيَّاهُنَّ (ʔiyyāhunna)
Enclitic accusative and genitive pronouns
		singular	dual	plural
1st person		ـنِي (-nī), ـنِيَ (-niya), ـي (-y), ـيَ (-ya)3	ـنَا (-nā)
2nd person	m	ـكَ (-ka)	ـكُمَا (-kumā)	ـكُم (-kum)
	f	ـكِ (-ki)		ـكُنَّ (-kunna)
3rd person	m	ـهُ (-hu), ـهِ (-hi)4	ـهُمَا (-humā), ـهِمَا (-himā)3	ـهُم (-hum), ـهِم (-him)4
	f	ـهَا (-hā)		ـهُنَّ (-hunna), ـهِنَّ (-hinna)3
1. Also used to emphasize attached pronouns and as a copula. 2. هُمْ (hum) becomes هُمُ (humu) before the definite article الـ (al--). 3. Specifically, ـنِي (-nī, “me”) is attached to verbs, but ـِي (-ī) or ـيَ (-ya, “my”) is attached to nouns. In the latter case, ـيَ (-ya) is attached to nouns whose construct state ends in a long vowel or diphthong (e.g. in the sound masculine plural and the dual), while ـِي (-ī) is attached to nouns whose construct state ends in a short vowel, in which case that vowel is elided (e.g. in the sound feminine plural, as well as the singular and broken plural of most nouns). Furthermore, -ū of the masculine sound plural is assimilated to -ī before ـيَ (-ya) (presumably, -aw of masculine defective -an plurals is similarly assimilated to -ay). Prepositions use ـِي (-ī) or ـيَ (-ya), even though in this case it has the meaning of “me” rather than “my”. The sisters of inna can use either form (e.g. إِنَّنِي (ʔinnanī) or إِنِّي (ʔinnī)). 4. ـهِـ (-hi-) occurs after -i, -ī, or -ay, and ـهُـ (-hu-) elsewhere (after -a, -ā, -u, -ū, -aw).

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /hum/
• IPA^(key): /him/

Pronoun

ـهُمْ or ـهِمْ • (-hum or -him) m pl (enclitic form of هُم (hum))

1. them, their (masculine plural bound object pronoun)

Etymology 3

Root
ه م م (h m m)
12 terms

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ham.ma/

Verb

هَمَّ • (hamma) I (non-past يَهُمُّ (yahummu), verbal noun هَمّ (hamm) or مَهَمَّة (mahamma))

1. to disquiet, to make uneasy, to distress
2. to grieve
3. to preoccupy, to concern, to affect
4. to be of interest
5. to plan, to be about to, to start doing, to become determined [with بِ (bi)]

   هَمُّوا بِٱلْفِرَارِ

   hammū bi-l-firāri

   They started running away.

Conjugation

    Conjugation of هَمَّ (I, geminate, a ~ u, full passive, verbal nouns هَمّ, مَهَمَّة)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						هَمّ, مَهَمَّة hamm, mahamma
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						هَامّ hāmm
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَهْمُوم mahmūm
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	هَمَمْتُ hamamtu	هَمَمْتَ hamamta	هَمَّ hamma		هَمَمْتُمَا hamamtumā	هَمَّا hammā		هَمَمْنَا hamamnā	هَمَمْتُمْ hamamtum	هَمُّوا hammū
	f		هَمَمْتِ hamamti	هَمَّتْ hammat			هَمَّتَا hammatā			هَمَمْتُنَّ hamamtunna	هَمَمْنَ hamamna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَهُمُّ ʔahummu	تَهُمُّ tahummu	يَهُمُّ yahummu		تَهُمَّانِ tahummāni	يَهُمَّانِ yahummāni		نَهُمُّ nahummu	تَهُمُّونَ tahummūna	يَهُمُّونَ yahummūna
	f		تَهُمِّينَ tahummīna	تَهُمُّ tahummu			تَهُمَّانِ tahummāni			تَهْمُمْنَ tahmumna	يَهْمُمْنَ yahmumna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَهُمَّ ʔahumma	تَهُمَّ tahumma	يَهُمَّ yahumma		تَهُمَّا tahummā	يَهُمَّا yahummā		نَهُمَّ nahumma	تَهُمُّوا tahummū	يَهُمُّوا yahummū
	f		تَهُمِّي tahummī	تَهُمَّ tahumma			تَهُمَّا tahummā			تَهْمُمْنَ tahmumna	يَهْمُمْنَ yahmumna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَهُمَّ, أَهُمِّ, أَهْمُمْ ʔahumma, ʔahummi, ʔahmum	تَهُمَّ, تَهُمِّ, تَهْمُمْ tahumma, tahummi, tahmum	يَهُمَّ, يَهُمِّ, يَهْمُمْ yahumma, yahummi, yahmum		تَهُمَّا tahummā	يَهُمَّا yahummā		نَهُمَّ, نَهُمِّ, نَهْمُمْ nahumma, nahummi, nahmum	تَهُمُّوا tahummū	يَهُمُّوا yahummū
	f		تَهُمِّي tahummī	تَهُمَّ, تَهُمِّ, تَهْمُمْ tahumma, tahummi, tahmum			تَهُمَّا tahummā			تَهْمُمْنَ tahmumna	يَهْمُمْنَ yahmumna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		هُمَّ, هُمِّ, اُهْمُمْ humma, hummi, uhmum			هُمَّا hummā				هُمُّوا hummū
	f		هُمِّي hummī							اُهْمُمْنَ uhmumna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	هُمِمْتُ humimtu	هُمِمْتَ humimta	هُمَّ humma		هُمِمْتُمَا humimtumā	هُمَّا hummā		هُمِمْنَا humimnā	هُمِمْتُمْ humimtum	هُمُّوا hummū
	f		هُمِمْتِ humimti	هُمَّتْ hummat			هُمَّتَا hummatā			هُمِمْتُنَّ humimtunna	هُمِمْنَ humimna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُهَمُّ ʔuhammu	تُهَمُّ tuhammu	يُهَمُّ yuhammu		تُهَمَّانِ tuhammāni	يُهَمَّانِ yuhammāni		نُهَمُّ nuhammu	تُهَمُّونَ tuhammūna	يُهَمُّونَ yuhammūna
	f		تُهَمِّينَ tuhammīna	تُهَمُّ tuhammu			تُهَمَّانِ tuhammāni			تُهْمَمْنَ tuhmamna	يُهْمَمْنَ yuhmamna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُهَمَّ ʔuhamma	تُهَمَّ tuhamma	يُهَمَّ yuhamma		تُهَمَّا tuhammā	يُهَمَّا yuhammā		نُهَمَّ nuhamma	تُهَمُّوا tuhammū	يُهَمُّوا yuhammū
	f		تُهَمِّي tuhammī	تُهَمَّ tuhamma			تُهَمَّا tuhammā			تُهْمَمْنَ tuhmamna	يُهْمَمْنَ yuhmamna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُهَمَّ, أُهَمِّ, أُهْمَمْ ʔuhamma, ʔuhammi, ʔuhmam	تُهَمَّ, تُهَمِّ, تُهْمَمْ tuhamma, tuhammi, tuhmam	يُهَمَّ, يُهَمِّ, يُهْمَمْ yuhamma, yuhammi, yuhmam		تُهَمَّا tuhammā	يُهَمَّا yuhammā		نُهَمَّ, نُهَمِّ, نُهْمَمْ nuhamma, nuhammi, nuhmam	تُهَمُّوا tuhammū	يُهَمُّوا yuhammū
	f		تُهَمِّي tuhammī	تُهَمَّ, تُهَمِّ, تُهْمَمْ tuhamma, tuhammi, tuhmam			تُهَمَّا tuhammā			تُهْمَمْنَ tuhmamna	يُهْمَمْنَ yuhmamna

Etymology 4

Root
ه م م (h m m)
12 terms

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /hamm/

Noun

هَمّ • (hamm) m (plural هُمُوم (humūm))

1. verbal noun of هَمَّ (hamma) (form I)
2. anxiety, concern, worry, care
3. sorrow, grief, affliction, distress
4. weight, moment, importance

Declension

Declension of noun هَمّ (hamm)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	هَمّ hamm	الْهَمّ al-hamm	هَمّ hamm
Nominative	هَمٌّ hammun	الْهَمُّ al-hammu	هَمُّ hammu
Accusative	هَمًّا hamman	الْهَمَّ al-hamma	هَمَّ hamma
Genitive	هَمٍّ hammin	الْهَمِّ al-hammi	هَمِّ hammi
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	هَمَّيْن hammayn	الْهَمَّيْن al-hammayn	هَمَّيْ hammay
Nominative	هَمَّانِ hammāni	الْهَمَّانِ al-hammāni	هَمَّا hammā
Accusative	هَمَّيْنِ hammayni	الْهَمَّيْنِ al-hammayni	هَمَّيْ hammay
Genitive	هَمَّيْنِ hammayni	الْهَمَّيْنِ al-hammayni	هَمَّيْ hammay
Plural	basic broken plural triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	هُمُوم humūm	الْهُمُوم al-humūm	هُمُوم humūm
Nominative	هُمُومٌ humūmun	الْهُمُومُ al-humūmu	هُمُومُ humūmu
Accusative	هُمُومًا humūman	الْهُمُومَ al-humūma	هُمُومَ humūma
Genitive	هُمُومٍ humūmin	الْهُمُومِ al-humūmi	هُمُومِ humūmi

Etymology 5

Root
ه م م (h m m)
12 terms

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /himm/

Adjective

هِمّ • (himm) (feminine هِمَّة (himma), masculine plural أَهْمَام (ʔahmām), feminine plural هَمَائِم (hamāʔim) or هِمَّات (himmāt))

1. decrepit, senile

Declension

Declension of adjective هِمّ (himm)

Singular	Masculine		Feminine
	basic singular triptote		singular triptote in ـَة (-a)
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	هِمّ himm	الْهِمّ al-himm	هِمَّة himma	الْهِمَّة al-himma
Nominative	هِمٌّ himmun	الْهِمُّ al-himmu	هِمَّةٌ himmatun	الْهِمَّةُ al-himmatu
Accusative	هِمًّا himman	الْهِمَّ al-himma	هِمَّةً himmatan	الْهِمَّةَ al-himmata
Genitive	هِمٍّ himmin	الْهِمِّ al-himmi	هِمَّةٍ himmatin	الْهِمَّةِ al-himmati
Dual	Masculine		Feminine
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	هِمَّيْن himmayn	الْهِمَّيْن al-himmayn	هِمَّتَيْن himmatayn	الْهِمَّتَيْن al-himmatayn
Nominative	هِمَّانِ himmāni	الْهِمَّانِ al-himmāni	هِمَّتَانِ himmatāni	الْهِمَّتَانِ al-himmatāni
Accusative	هِمَّيْنِ himmayni	الْهِمَّيْنِ al-himmayni	هِمَّتَيْنِ himmatayni	الْهِمَّتَيْنِ al-himmatayni
Genitive	هِمَّيْنِ himmayni	الْهِمَّيْنِ al-himmayni	هِمَّتَيْنِ himmatayni	الْهِمَّتَيْنِ al-himmatayni
Plural	Masculine		Feminine
	basic broken plural triptote		basic broken plural diptote‎; sound feminine plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	أَهْمَام ʔahmām	الْأَهْمَام al-ʔahmām	هَمَائِم‎; هِمَّات hamāʔim‎; himmāt	الْهَمَائِم‎; الْهِمَّات al-hamāʔim‎; al-himmāt
Nominative	أَهْمَامٌ ʔahmāmun	الْأَهْمَامُ al-ʔahmāmu	هَمَائِمُ‎; هِمَّاتٌ hamāʔimu‎; himmātun	الْهَمَائِمُ‎; الْهِمَّاتُ al-hamāʔimu‎; al-himmātu
Accusative	أَهْمَامًا ʔahmāman	الْأَهْمَامَ al-ʔahmāma	هَمَائِمَ‎; هِمَّاتٍ hamāʔima‎; himmātin	الْهَمَائِمَ‎; الْهِمَّاتِ al-hamāʔima‎; al-himmāti
Genitive	أَهْمَامٍ ʔahmāmin	الْأَهْمَامِ al-ʔahmāmi	هَمَائِمَ‎; هِمَّاتٍ hamāʔima‎; himmātin	الْهَمَائِمِ‎; الْهِمَّاتِ al-hamāʔimi‎; al-himmāti

References

• Wehr, Hans (1979) “هم”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

Noun

هِمّ • (himm) m (plural أَهْمَام (ʔahmām), feminine هِمَّة (himma))

1. old man

Declension

Declension of noun هِمّ (himm)

Singular	Masculine			Feminine
	basic singular triptote			singular triptote in ـَة (-a)
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	هِمّ himm	الْهِمّ al-himm	هِمّ himm	هِمَّة himma	الْهِمَّة al-himma	هِمَّة himmat
Nominative	هِمٌّ himmun	الْهِمُّ al-himmu	هِمُّ himmu	هِمَّةٌ himmatun	الْهِمَّةُ al-himmatu	هِمَّةُ himmatu
Accusative	هِمًّا himman	الْهِمَّ al-himma	هِمَّ himma	هِمَّةً himmatan	الْهِمَّةَ al-himmata	هِمَّةَ himmata
Genitive	هِمٍّ himmin	الْهِمِّ al-himmi	هِمِّ himmi	هِمَّةٍ himmatin	الْهِمَّةِ al-himmati	هِمَّةِ himmati
Dual	Masculine			Feminine
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	هِمَّيْن himmayn	الْهِمَّيْن al-himmayn	هِمَّيْ himmay	هِمَّتَيْن himmatayn	الْهِمَّتَيْن al-himmatayn	هِمَّتَيْ himmatay
Nominative	هِمَّانِ himmāni	الْهِمَّانِ al-himmāni	هِمَّا himmā	هِمَّتَانِ himmatāni	الْهِمَّتَانِ al-himmatāni	هِمَّتَا himmatā
Accusative	هِمَّيْنِ himmayni	الْهِمَّيْنِ al-himmayni	هِمَّيْ himmay	هِمَّتَيْنِ himmatayni	الْهِمَّتَيْنِ al-himmatayni	هِمَّتَيْ himmatay
Genitive	هِمَّيْنِ himmayni	الْهِمَّيْنِ al-himmayni	هِمَّيْ himmay	هِمَّتَيْنِ himmatayni	الْهِمَّتَيْنِ al-himmatayni	هِمَّتَيْ himmatay
Plural	Masculine			Feminine
	basic broken plural triptote			basic broken plural diptote‎; sound feminine plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	أَهْمَام ʔahmām	الْأَهْمَام al-ʔahmām	أَهْمَام ʔahmām	هَمَائِم‎; هِمَّات hamāʔim‎; himmāt	الْهَمَائِم‎; الْهِمَّات al-hamāʔim‎; al-himmāt	هَمَائِم‎; هِمَّات hamāʔim‎; himmāt
Nominative	أَهْمَامٌ ʔahmāmun	الْأَهْمَامُ al-ʔahmāmu	أَهْمَامُ ʔahmāmu	هَمَائِمُ‎; هِمَّاتٌ hamāʔimu‎; himmātun	الْهَمَائِمُ‎; الْهِمَّاتُ al-hamāʔimu‎; al-himmātu	هَمَائِمُ‎; هِمَّاتُ hamāʔimu‎; himmātu
Accusative	أَهْمَامًا ʔahmāman	الْأَهْمَامَ al-ʔahmāma	أَهْمَامَ ʔahmāma	هَمَائِمَ‎; هِمَّاتٍ hamāʔima‎; himmātin	الْهَمَائِمَ‎; الْهِمَّاتِ al-hamāʔima‎; al-himmāti	هَمَائِمَ‎; هِمَّاتِ hamāʔima‎; himmāti
Genitive	أَهْمَامٍ ʔahmāmin	الْأَهْمَامِ al-ʔahmāmi	أَهْمَامِ ʔahmāmi	هَمَائِمَ‎; هِمَّاتٍ hamāʔima‎; himmātin	الْهَمَائِمِ‎; الْهِمَّاتِ al-hamāʔimi‎; al-himmāti	هَمَائِمِ‎; هِمَّاتِ hamāʔimi‎; himmāti

References

• Freytag, Georg (1837) “هم”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎^[1] (in Latin), volume 4, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 406
• Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “هم”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎^[2] (in French), volume 2, Paris: Maisonneuve et C^ie, page 1442
• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “هم”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎^[3], London: W.H. Allen, page 1181
• Wehr, Hans (1979) “هم”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN
• Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “هم”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎^[4] (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, pages 1355–1356

Egyptian Arabic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈhommæ/

Pronoun

هم • (humma) pl

1. they

See also

Egyptian Arabic personal pronouns
		singular	plural
1st person		أنا (ʔana)	إحنا (ʔiḥna)
2nd person	m	إنت (ʔinta)	إنتوا (ʔintu)
	f	إنتي (ʔinti)
3rd person	m	هو (huwwa)	هم (humma, hum)
	f	هي (hiyya)

Suffix

ـهم • (-hum) pl

1. them, their

Hijazi Arabic

Root
ه م م
1 term

Etymology 1

From Arabic هُمْ (hum).

Pronunciation 1

• IPA^(key): /ˈhum.ma/, [ˈhʊmma]

Pronoun

هم • (humma) pl

1. they (masculine plural subject pronoun)

Hijazi Arabic personal pronouns
		Singular	Plural
1st person		أَنَا (ʔana)	إِحْنَا (ʔiḥna) / نِحْنَ (niḥna)
2nd person	m	إِنْتَ (ʔinta)	إِنْتُو (ʔintu)
	f	إِنْتِ (ʔinti) / إِنْتِي (ʔinti)
3rd person	m	هُوَّ (huwwa)	هُمَّ (humma)
	f	هِيَّ (hiyya)

Pronunciation 2

• IPA^(key): /ˈhum/, [ˈhʊm]

Suffix

ـهُم • (-hum) pl

1. them, their

Etymology 2

From Arabic هَمّ (hamm).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈhamm/, [ˈham]

Noun

هم • (hamm) m (plural هموم (humūm))

1. anxiety, concern, worry, care
2. sorrow, grief, affliction, distress

Iraqi Arabic

Etymology

From Persian هم (ham).

Adverb

هم (ham)

1. still, all the same

   مهما نسوي هم مقصرين.

   Mahma nsawwi ham muqaṣṣirīn.

   Whatever we do, we still don't do enough.

Persian

Etymology 1

From Middle Persian hm (ham, “also, same”), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎶 (h-m /⁠ham(a)⁠/, “same, together”), from Proto-Iranian *hamHáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *samHás, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós (“same”). Compare Sanskrit सम (sama), English same.

Alternative forms

• ـم (-am) (colloquial)

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ham]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [häm]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [häm]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [ʔäm]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [ʔäm]

 

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [hæm]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [hæm]
  • (Tehrani) IPA^(key): [ʔæm]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [häm]

Readings
Classical reading?	ham
Dari reading?	ham
Iranian reading?	ham
Tajik reading?	ham

• This word never takes stress.

Adverb

هم • (ham)

1. also, too; (in negative constructions, chiefly as a post-positive particle) either, neither

   Synonym: (formal) نیز (niz)

   از این کتاب هم خوشم می‌آید.

   az in ketâb ham xošam mi-âyad.

   I like this book, too.

   فارسی هم بلد نیست.

   fârsi ham balad nist.

   He doesn't speak Persian, either.

   • c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 79:

     هر مرغ شاد و من که ز اندوه مرده‌ام
     نگشایدم دل از گل و باغ و بهار هم

     har murğ šād u man ki zi andūh murda'am
     nagušāyadam dil az gul u bāğ u bahār ham

     Each of the birds is joyful, and how I have died of grief!
     My heart does not open to the rose and the garden, nor to springtime.

     (Classical Persian transliteration)

2. even; often with حتی (hatta)

   حتی موش هم خوردند.

   hattâ muš ham xordand.

   Even rats were eaten.

   • c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 79:

     غیر از حبیب خود نپرستم کس ار برند
     خلق جهان بقتل مرا سوی دار هم

     ğayr az habīb-i xwad naparastam kas ar barand
     xalq-i jahān ba-qatl ma-rā sō-yi dār ham

     I shall not worship anyone other than my beloved, even if the people of the world drag me toward the gallows.

     (Classical Persian transliteration)

3. (as هم (ham)... هم (ham)) both

   یک سال بعد هم من و هم او ازدواج كرديم.

   yek sâl-e ba'd ham man o ham u ezdevâj kardim.

   A year later, he and I married.

4. Used in the non-initial clause to suggest a contrast.

   او گپ می‌زد، من هم ساکت بودم.

   u gap mi-zad, man ham sâket budam.

   He talked; as for me, I was silent.

   بد نیست، خیلی هم خوب است.

   bad nist, xeyli ham xub ast.

   It's not bad, rather it's very good.

Usage notes

• هم (ham) directly follows the word or phrase it modifies, except in the coordinate construction هم (ham)... هم (ham) in which case it comes before.

از این کتاب هم خوشم می‌آید.

az in ketâb ham xošam mi-âyad.

I like this book, also. (In addition to another book that I like, I like this one.)

من هم از این کتاب خوشم می‌آید.

man ham az in ketâb xošam mi-âyad.

I also like this book. (In addition to someone else who likes this book, I do.)

Pronoun

هم • (ham)

1. each other; Short for همدیگر (hamdigar).

Derived terms

• با هم (bâ ham, “together”)

 

Descendants

• → Armenian: համ (ham, “and, both”)
• → Azerbaijani: həm (“and”)
• → Bashkir: һәм (həm, “and”)
• → Gagauz: hem
• → Tatar: һәм (häm, “and”)
• → Iraqi Arabic: هم (“still”)
• → Ottoman Turkish: هم
  • Turkish: hem

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic هَمّ (hamm).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ham(m)]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [häm(m)]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [häm(m)]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [ʔäm(m)]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [ʔäm(m)]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [hæm(m)]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [häm(m)]

Readings
Classical reading?	ham(m)
Dari reading?	ham(m)
Iranian reading?	ham(m)
Tajik reading?	ham(m)

Noun

هم • (ham)

1. (literary) grief; sorrow

   Synonym: غم (ğam)

South Levantine Arabic

Etymology 1

From Arabic هُمْ (hum).

Alternative forms

• همه

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /hom.me/, [ˈhʊm.me]

• Audio (Jerusalem):

  (file)

Pronoun

هم • (homme) pl (enclitic form ـهم (-hom))

1. they (third-person plural subject pronoun)

   Synonym: (Galilee) هن (hinne)

See also

South Levantine Arabic personal pronouns
		Singular	Plural
1st person		أنا (ʔana)	احنا (ʔiḥna)
2nd person	m	انت (ʔinta)	انتو (ʔintu)
	f	انتي (ʔinti)
3rd person	m	هو (huwwe)	هم (homme)
	f	هي (hiyye)

Etymology 2

From Arabic ـهُمْ (-hum) or ـهِمْ (-him).

Suffix

ـهم • (-hom) pl

2. Enclitic form of هم (homme)
3. they, them, their

   Synonym: (Galilee) ـهن (-hen)

See also

South Levantine Arabic enclitic pronouns
		Singular		Plural
		after consonant	after vowel
1st person	after verb	ـني (-ni)		ـنا (-na)
	else	ـِي (-i)	ـي (-y)
2nd person	m	ـَك (-ak)	ـك (-k)	ـكُم (-kom) / ـكو (-ku)
	f	ـِك (-ek)	ـكي (-ki)
3rd person	m	ـُه (-o)	ـه (-h)	ـهُم (-hom)
	f	ـها (-ha)

Etymology 3

Root
ه م م
3 terms

From Arabic هَمَّ (hamma).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /hamm/, [ham]

• Audio (al-Lidd):

  (file)

Verb

همّ • (hamm) I (present بهمّ (bihimm))

1. to concern, to preoccupy

Conjugation

Conjugation of همّ (hamm)
		singular				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
past	m	همّيت (hammēt)	همّيت (hammēt)	همّ (hamm)		همّينا (hammēna)	همّيتو (hammētu)	همّو (hammu)
	f		همّيتي (hammēti)	همّت (hammat)
present	m	بهمّ (bahimm)	بتهمّ (bithimm)	بهمّ (bihimm)		منهمّ (minhimm)	بتهمّو (bithimmu)	بهمّو (bihimmu)
	f		بتهمّي (bithimmi)	بتهمّ (bithimm)
subjunctive	m	اهمّ (ahimm)	تهمّ (thimm)	يهمّ (yhimm)		نهمّ (nhimm)	تهمّو (thimmu)	يهمّو (yhimmu)
	f		تهمّي (thimmi)	تهمّ (thimm)
imperative	m		همّ (himm)				همّو (himmu)
	f		همّي (himmi)

Tunisian Arabic

Suffix

ـهُمْ (-hum) pl

1. them, their