घन

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit घन (ghana).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /ɡʱən/, [ɡʱɐ̃n]

Noun

घन • (ghan) m

1. cube (polyhedron)
2. (mathematics) cube (mathematical operation)

   घन करना ― ghan karnā ― to cube

   घन मीटर ― ghan mīṭar ― cubic meter

3. hammer

Declension

Declension of घन (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	घन ghan	घन ghan
oblique	घन ghan	घनों ghanõ
vocative	घन ghan	घनो ghano

Adjective

घन • (ghan) (indeclinable)

1. Synonym of घना (ghanā, “dense, thick”)

Derived terms

• घनमूल (ghanmūl, “cube root”)

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• ঘন (Assamese script)
• ᬖᬦ (Balinese script)
• ঘন (Bengali script)
• 𑰑𑰡 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀖𑀦 (Brahmi script)
• ဃန (Burmese script)
• ઘન (Gujarati script)
• ਘਨ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌘𑌨 (Grantha script)
• ꦓꦤ (Javanese script)
• 𑂐𑂢 (Kaithi script)
• ಘನ (Kannada script)
• ឃន (Khmer script)
• ຆນ (Lao script)
• ഘന (Malayalam script)
• ᢚᠠᠨᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘑𑘡 (Modi script)
• ᠺᠾᠠᠨᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦱𑧁 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐑𑐣 (Newa script)
• ଘନ (Odia script)
• ꢕꢥ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆔𑆤 (Sharada script)
• 𑖑𑖡 (Siddham script)
• ඝන (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩟𑩯 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚍𑚝 (Takri script)
• க⁴ந (Tamil script)
• ఘన (Telugu script)
• ฆน (Thai script)
• གྷ་ན (Tibetan script)
• 𑒒𑒢 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨎𑨝 (Zanabazar Square script)

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɡʱɐ.nɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈɡʱɐ.n̪ɐ/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰón-o-s, from *gʷʰen- (“to strike, slay”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φόνος (phónos, “murder, slaughter”) and Old English bana (“murderer”).

Noun

घन • (ghaná) stem, m

1. a killer, striker, destroyer
   • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 3.49.1:

     शंसा॑ म॒हामिन्द्रं॒ यस्मि॒न्विश्वा॒ आ कृ॒ष्टय॑: सोम॒पाः काम॒मव्य॑न्।
     यं सु॒क्रतुं॑ धि॒षणे॑ विभ्वत॒ष्टं घ॒नं वृ॒त्राणां॑ ज॒नय॑न्त दे॒वाः॥

     śáṃsā mahā́míndraṃ yásminvíśvā ā́ kṛṣṭáya: somapā́ḥ kā́mamávyan.
     yáṃ sukrátuṃ dhiṣáṇe vibhvataṣṭáṃ ghanáṃ vṛtrā́ṇāṃ janáyanta devā́ḥ.

     I glorify the mighty Indra, in whom all men, drinking the Soma, obtain their wishes; whom the powerful (heaven and earth) and the gods begot, the doer of great deeds, the slayer of the Vṛtras, who was fashioned by Vibhu (the creator).

2. slaying
3. an iron club or a mace; a weapon shaped like a hammer

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of घन (ghaná)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	घनः ghanáḥ	घनौ / घना¹ ghanaú / ghanā́¹	घनाः / घनासः¹ ghanā́ḥ / ghanā́saḥ¹
Vocative	घन ghána	घनौ / घना¹ ghánau / ghánā¹	घनाः / घनासः¹ ghánāḥ / ghánāsaḥ¹
Accusative	घनम् ghanám	घनौ / घना¹ ghanaú / ghanā́¹	घनान् ghanā́n
Instrumental	घनेन ghanéna	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनैः / घनेभिः¹ ghanaíḥ / ghanébhiḥ¹
Dative	घनाय ghanā́ya	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनेभ्यः ghanébhyaḥ
Ablative	घनात् ghanā́t	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनेभ्यः ghanébhyaḥ
Genitive	घनस्य ghanásya	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनानाम् ghanā́nām
Locative	घने ghané	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनेषु ghanéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

• Pali: ghana
• Prakrit: 𑀖𑀡 (ghaṇa)
  • Central:
    • Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:
      • Awadhi: घन (ghan)
    • Sauraseni Prakrit:
      • Hindustani: ghan
        • Hindi: घन
        • Urdu: گھَن (ghan)
  • Eastern:
    • Magadhi Prakrit:
      • Bihari: घन (ghan)
        • Maithili: घन (ghan)
  • Northern:
    • Khasa Prakrit:
      • Central Pahari:
        • Kumaoni: घण (ghaṇ)
      • Eastern Pahari:
        • Nepali: घन (ghan)
      • Western Pahari:
        • Bhadrawahi: घण (ghaṇ)
  • Northwestern:
    • Paisaci Prakrit:
      • Takka Apabhramsa:
        • Punjabi: ghaṇ

          Gurmukhi script: ਘਣ

          Shahmukhi script: كھَݨ

  • Southern:
    • Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀖𑀡 (ghaṇa)
      • Marathi: घण (ghaṇ), घणा (ghaṇā)
  • Western:
    • Sauraseni Prakrit:
      • Gujarati: ઘણ (ghaṇ)

Etymology 2

Unknown, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰen- (“to flourish, be full, swell, abound”). If so, then cognate with Lithuanian ganėti (“to be enough, be sufficient, suffice”), Persian آگنج (âganj, “full, complete”), Persian آکندن (âgandan, “to fill up”), German ganz (“entire, whole”).

Adjective

घन • (ghaná) stem (comparative घनीयस्, superlative घनिष्ठ)

1. compact, dense, solid, hard
2. viscid, thick

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of घन (ghaná)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	घनः ghanáḥ	घनौ / घना¹ ghanaú / ghanā́¹	घनाः / घनासः¹ ghanā́ḥ / ghanā́saḥ¹
Vocative	घन ghána	घनौ / घना¹ ghánau / ghánā¹	घनाः / घनासः¹ ghánāḥ / ghánāsaḥ¹
Accusative	घनम् ghanám	घनौ / घना¹ ghanaú / ghanā́¹	घनान् ghanā́n
Instrumental	घनेन ghanéna	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनैः / घनेभिः¹ ghanaíḥ / ghanébhiḥ¹
Dative	घनाय ghanā́ya	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनेभ्यः ghanébhyaḥ
Ablative	घनात् ghanā́t	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनेभ्यः ghanébhyaḥ
Genitive	घनस्य ghanásya	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनानाम् ghanā́nām
Locative	घने ghané	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनेषु ghanéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of घना (ghanā́)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	घना ghanā́	घने ghané	घनाः ghanā́ḥ
Vocative	घने gháne	घने gháne	घनाः ghánāḥ
Accusative	घनाम् ghanā́m	घने ghané	घनाः ghanā́ḥ
Instrumental	घनया / घना¹ ghanáyā / ghanā́¹	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनाभिः ghanā́bhiḥ
Dative	घनायै ghanā́yai	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनाभ्यः ghanā́bhyaḥ
Ablative	घनायाः / घनायै² ghanā́yāḥ / ghanā́yai²	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनाभ्यः ghanā́bhyaḥ
Genitive	घनायाः / घनायै² ghanā́yāḥ / ghanā́yai²	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनानाम् ghanā́nām
Locative	घनायाम् ghanā́yām	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनासु ghanā́su
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of घन (ghaná)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	घनम् ghanám	घने ghané	घनानि / घना¹ ghanā́ni / ghanā́¹
Vocative	घन ghána	घने gháne	घनानि / घना¹ ghánāni / ghánā¹
Accusative	घनम् ghanám	घने ghané	घनानि / घना¹ ghanā́ni / ghanā́¹
Instrumental	घनेन ghanéna	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनैः / घनेभिः¹ ghanaíḥ / ghanébhiḥ¹
Dative	घनाय ghanā́ya	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनेभ्यः ghanébhyaḥ
Ablative	घनात् ghanā́t	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनेभ्यः ghanébhyaḥ
Genitive	घनस्य ghanásya	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनानाम् ghanā́nām
Locative	घने ghané	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनेषु ghanéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Noun

घन • (ghaná) stem, m

1. any compact mass or substance

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of घन (ghaná)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	घनः ghanáḥ	घनौ / घना¹ ghanaú / ghanā́¹	घनाः / घनासः¹ ghanā́ḥ / ghanā́saḥ¹
Vocative	घन ghána	घनौ / घना¹ ghánau / ghánā¹	घनाः / घनासः¹ ghánāḥ / ghánāsaḥ¹
Accusative	घनम् ghanám	घनौ / घना¹ ghanaú / ghanā́¹	घनान् ghanā́n
Instrumental	घनेन ghanéna	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनैः / घनेभिः¹ ghanaíḥ / ghanébhiḥ¹
Dative	घनाय ghanā́ya	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनेभ्यः ghanébhyaḥ
Ablative	घनात् ghanā́t	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनेभ्यः ghanébhyaḥ
Genitive	घनस्य ghanásya	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनानाम् ghanā́nām
Locative	घने ghané	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनेषु ghanéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

Descendants

• Dardic:
  • Indus Kohistani: ghō̃
  • Kalami: gäṇ, gīṇ
  • Kalasha: ghóna
  • Kashmiri: گونُ (gōnu)
  • Phalura: گھاݨ (ghāṇu), گھیݨ (ghēṇi)
  • ⇒ Savi: ghaṇyeṛo
  • Shumashti: gō̃
  • Tirahi: gana
  • Torwali: گن (gan), گین (gen)
  • Wotapuri-Katarqalai: gan, gen
  • → Proto-Nuristani:
    • Ashkun: gäni
    • Waigali: ganala-štä
• Pali: ghana
• Prakrit: 𑀖𑀡 (ghaṇa)
  • Central:
    • Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:
      • Old Awadhi: घन (ghana)
    • Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀖𑀡 (ghaṇa)
      • Hindustani: ghanā
        • Hindi: घना
        • Urdu: گھَنَا (ghanā)
  • Eastern:
    • Magadhi Prakrit:
      • Assamese: ঘন (ghon)
        • ⇒ Assamese: ঘনাইব (ghonaibo)
      • Bengali: ঘন (ghono)
      • Bihari: घन (ghan)
        • Old Maithili: घन (ghan)
  • Northern:
    • Khasa Prakrit:
      • Central Pahari:
        • Kumaoni: घणो (ghaṇo)
      • Eastern Pahari:
        • Nepali: घनु (ghanu)
  • Northwestern:
    • Paisaci Prakrit:
      • Takka Apabhramsa:
        • Lahnda: گھݨا (ghaṇā), گھنے (ghannē)
        • Punjabi: ghaṇā

          Gurmukhi script: ਘਣਾ

          Shahmukhi script: گھَݨَا

      • Vracada Apabhramsa:
        • Sindhi: ghaṇo, ghaṇi

          Arabic script: گھَڻو, گھَڻِ

          Devanagari script: घणो, घणि

  • Southern:
    • Helu Prakrit:
      • Dhivehi: ގިނަ (gina)
      • Sinhalese: ගන (gana)
    • Maharastri Prakrit:
      • Marathi: घण (ghaṇ)
  • Western:
    • Sauraseni Prakrit:
      • Old Gujarati: घणउं (ghaṇaüṃ)
        • Gujarati: ઘણું (ghaṇũ)
        • Marwari: घणो (ghaṇo)
• → Old Javanese: ghana
  • > Javanese: ꦒꦤ (gana) (inherited)
  • → Balinese: ᬖᬦ (gana)
• → Tamil: கனம் (kaṉam)
• → Telugu: ఘనము (ghanamu)

References

• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “ghana”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 238