चक्र

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit चक्र (cakra). Doublet of चक्कर (cakkar) and चरख़ा (carxā).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /t͡ʃək.ɾᵊ/, [t͡ʃɐk.ɾᵊ]

Noun

चक्र • (cakra) m (Urdu spelling چکر)

1. circle, ring
2. wheel
3. cycle; sequence, progression

   जल चक्र ― jal cakra ― water cycle

4. (historical) chakram (an old Indian coin from Travancore)

Declension

Declension of चक्र (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	चक्र cakra	चक्र cakra
oblique	चक्र cakra	चक्रों cakrõ
vocative	चक्र cakra	चक्रो cakro

Synonyms

• चक्कर (cakkar) (less formal)

Derived terms

• दुष्चक्र (duṣcakra)
• चक्र फूल (cakra phūl)
• चक्रव्यूह (cakravyūh)

References

• Bahri, Hardev (1989) “चक्र”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
• Caturvedi, Mahendra, Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970) “चक्र”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House
• “चक्र”, in Collins Gem Hindi-English Dictionary, Collins, 2011, →ISBN
• Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “चक्र”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “चक्र”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
• Platts, John T. (1884) “चक्र”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• চক্ৰ (Assamese script)
• ᬘᬓ᭄ᬭ (Balinese script)
• চক্র (Bengali script)
• 𑰓𑰎𑰿𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀘𑀓𑁆𑀭 (Brahmi script)
• စကြ (Burmese script)
• ચક્ર (Gujarati script)
• ਚਕ੍ਰ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌚𑌕𑍍𑌰 (Grantha script)
• ꦕꦏꦿ (Javanese script)
• 𑂒𑂍𑂹𑂩 (Kaithi script)
• ಚಕ್ರ (Kannada script)
• ចក្រ (Khmer script)
• ຈກ຺ຣ (Lao script)
• ചക്ര (Malayalam script)
• ᢜᠠᡬᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘓𑘎𑘿𑘨 (Modi script)
• ᢋᠠᢉᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦳𑦮𑧠𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐔𑐎𑑂𑐬 (Newa script)
• ଚକ୍ର (Odia script)
• ꢗꢒ꣄ꢬ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆖𑆑𑇀𑆫 (Sharada script)
• 𑖓𑖎𑖿𑖨 (Siddham script)
• චක්‍ර (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩡𑩜 𑪙𑩼 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚏𑚊𑚶𑚤 (Takri script)
• சக்ர (Tamil script)
• చక్ర (Telugu script)
• จกฺร (Thai script)
• ཙ་ཀྲ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒔𑒏𑓂𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨣𑨋𑩇𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕɐk.ɾɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈt͡ɕɐk.ɾɐ/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *ćakrám, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *čakrám, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos (“circle, wheel”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬗𐬀𐬑𐬭𐬀 (caxra, “wheel”), Persian چرخ (čarx), Old Church Slavonic коло (kolo), Lithuanian kãklas, Tocharian B kokale, Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos), Latin colus, Old English hwēol (whence English wheel).

Noun

चक्र • (cakrá) stem, n or m

1. the wheel (of a carriage, of the Sun's chariot, of Time)
2. a potter's wheel (ShBr.)
3. a discus or sharp circular missile weapon, especially that of Vishnu
4. a circle (Puranic)
5. an astronomical circle, the zodiac
6. a mystical circle or diagram
7. a cycle, cycle of years or of seasons
8. a circle or depression of the body (for mystical or chiromantic purposes; 6 in number, one above the other), the fontenelle or union of the coronal and sagittal sutures
9. (prosody) name of a poetic metre
10. a troop, multitude

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of चक्र (cakrá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	चक्रम् cakrám	चक्रे cakré	चक्राणि / चक्रा¹ cakrā́ṇi / cakrā́¹
Vocative	चक्र cákra	चक्रे cákre	चक्राणि / चक्रा¹ cákrāṇi / cákrā¹
Accusative	चक्रम् cakrám	चक्रे cakré	चक्राणि / चक्रा¹ cakrā́ṇi / cakrā́¹
Instrumental	चक्रेण cakréṇa	चक्राभ्याम् cakrā́bhyām	चक्रैः / चक्रेभिः¹ cakraíḥ / cakrébhiḥ¹
Dative	चक्राय cakrā́ya	चक्राभ्याम् cakrā́bhyām	चक्रेभ्यः cakrébhyaḥ
Ablative	चक्रात् cakrā́t	चक्राभ्याम् cakrā́bhyām	चक्रेभ्यः cakrébhyaḥ
Genitive	चक्रस्य cakrásya	चक्रयोः cakráyoḥ	चक्राणाम् cakrā́ṇām
Locative	चक्रे cakré	चक्रयोः cakráyoḥ	चक्रेषु cakréṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Masculine a-stem declension of चक्र (cakrá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	चक्रः cakráḥ	चक्रौ / चक्रा¹ cakraú / cakrā́¹	चक्राः / चक्रासः¹ cakrā́ḥ / cakrā́saḥ¹
Vocative	चक्र cákra	चक्रौ / चक्रा¹ cákrau / cákrā¹	चक्राः / चक्रासः¹ cákrāḥ / cákrāsaḥ¹
Accusative	चक्रम् cakrám	चक्रौ / चक्रा¹ cakraú / cakrā́¹	चक्रान् cakrā́n
Instrumental	चक्रेण cakréṇa	चक्राभ्याम् cakrā́bhyām	चक्रैः / चक्रेभिः¹ cakraíḥ / cakrébhiḥ¹
Dative	चक्राय cakrā́ya	चक्राभ्याम् cakrā́bhyām	चक्रेभ्यः cakrébhyaḥ
Ablative	चक्रात् cakrā́t	चक्राभ्याम् cakrā́bhyām	चक्रेभ्यः cakrébhyaḥ
Genitive	चक्रस्य cakrásya	चक्रयोः cakráyoḥ	चक्राणाम् cakrā́ṇām
Locative	चक्रे cakré	चक्रयोः cakráyoḥ	चक्रेषु cakréṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Derived terms

• गणचक्र (gaṇacakra)

Descendants

• Assamese: চাক (sak), চকা (soka), চাকি (saki)
• Bengali: চাকা (caka)
• Marathi: चाक (cāk)
• Odia: ଚକ (caka)
• Pali: cakka
  • → Burmese: စက် (cak)
    • → Shan: ၸၢၵ်ႈ (tsāak)
    • → Jingpho: jak
    • → S'gaw Karen: စဲး (seḧ)
    • → Western Kayah: ꤡꤢꤧ (cae)
    • → Zaiwa: svdiq
  • → Lao: ຈັກ (chak), ຈັກກະ (chak ka)
• Punjabi: ਚੱਕਰ (cakkar, “circle, rotation”), ਚੱਕਾ (cakkā, “wheel, rim”)
• Sylheti: ꠌꠣꠇꠣ (saxa)
• Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀘𑀓𑁆𑀓 (cakka)
  • Konkani: cāk

    Devanagari script: चाक

    Kannada script: ಚಾಕ್

    Latin script: chaak

  • Old Marathi: cāka

    Devanagari script: चाक

    Modi script: 𑘓𑘰𑘎

  • Marathi: चाक (cāk)
• Borrowings:
  • → Bengali: চক্র (cokro)
  • → English: chakra, chakram
  • → Finnish: chakra
  • → Gujarati: ચક્ર (cakra)
  • → Hindi: चक्र (cakra), चक्कर (cakkar)
  • → Kannada: ಚಕ್ರ (cakra)
  • → Malay: cakera, cakra (چاکرا)
  • → Malayalam: ചക്രം (cakraṁ)
  • → Norwegian:
    • Norwegian Bokmål: chakra
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: chakra
  • → Japanese: チャクラ (chakura)
  • → Old Javanese: cakra
    • Javanese: ꦕꦏꦿ (cakra)
    • → Balinese: ᬘᬓ᭄ᬭ (cakra)
  • → Old Tamil: 𑀘𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀭𑀫𑁆 (cakkaram)
    • Tamil: சக்கரம் (cakkaram, “wheel”), சக்கிரம் (cakkiram)
  • → Portuguese: chacra
  • → Santali: ᱪᱚᱠ (côk) (borrowed from Middle-Indo-Aryan)
  • → Sogdian: ܨܮܪ (čaxr /⁠⁠cγr⁠/)
    • → Tocharian B: cākkär
      • → Old Uyghur: 𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾 (čakïr)
  • → Spanish: chakra
  • → Sylheti: ꠌꠇ꠆ꠇꠞ (sokkor)
  • → Tagalog: sakla
  • → Telugu: చక్రము (cakramu)
  • → Thai: จักร (jàk)

Etymology 2

Verb

चक्र • (cakrá)

1. second-person plural active of चकार (cakā́ra)