चतुरङ्ग

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

চতুৰঙ্গ (Assamese script)
ᬘᬢᬸᬭᬗ᭄ᬕ (Balinese script)
চতুরঙ্গ (Bengali script)
𑰓𑰝𑰲𑰨𑰒𑰿𑰐 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀘𑀢𑀼𑀭𑀗𑁆𑀕 (Brahmi script)
စတုရင်္ဂ (Burmese script)
ચતુરઙ્ગ (Gujarati script)
ਚਤੁਰਙ੍ਗ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌚𑌤𑍁𑌰𑌙𑍍𑌗 (Grantha script)
ꦕꦠꦸꦫꦔ꧀ꦒ (Javanese script)
𑂒𑂞𑂳𑂩𑂑𑂹𑂏 (Kaithi script)
ಚತುರಙ್ಗ (Kannada script)
ចតុរង្គ (Khmer script)
ຈຕຸຣງ຺ຄ (Lao script)
ചതുരങ്ഗ (Malayalam script)
ᢜᠠᢠᡠᡵᠠᢛᡤᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘓𑘝𑘳𑘨𑘒𑘿𑘐 (Modi script)
ᢋᠠᢐᠤᠷᠠᢊᠺᠠ (Mongolian script)
𑦳𑦽𑧔𑧈𑦲𑧠𑦰 (Nandinagari script)
𑐔𑐟𑐸𑐬𑐒𑑂𑐐 (Newa script)
ଚତୁରଙ୍ଗ (Odia script)
ꢗꢡꢸꢬꢖ꣄ꢔ (Saurashtra script)
𑆖𑆠𑆶𑆫𑆕𑇀𑆓 (Sharada script)
𑖓𑖝𑖲𑖨𑖒𑖿𑖐 (Siddham script)
චතුරඞ‍්ග (Sinhalese script)
𑩡𑩫𑩒𑩼𑩠 𑪙𑩞 (Soyombo script)
𑚏𑚙𑚰𑚤𑚎𑚶𑚌 (Takri script)
சதுரங்க³ (Tamil script)
చతురఙ్గ (Telugu script)
จตุรงฺค (Thai script)
ཙ་ཏུ་ར་ངྒ (Tibetan script)
𑒔𑒞𑒳𑒩𑒓𑓂𑒑 (Tirhuta script)
𑨣𑨙𑨃𑨫𑨏𑩇𑨍 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Compound of चतुर् (catur, “four”) +‎ अङ्ग (aṅga, “limb, member”)

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕɐ.tu.ɾɐŋ.ɡɐ/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕɐ.t̪uˈɾɐŋ.ɡɐ/

Adjective

चतुरङ्ग • (caturaṅga) stem

having 4 limbs
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.92.11:
  ते हि द्यावा॑पृथि॒वी भूरि॑रेतसा॒ नरा॒शंस॒श्चतु॑रङ्गो य॒मोऽदि॑तिः।
  दे॒वस्त्वष्टा॑ द्रविणो॒दा ऋ॑भु॒क्षण॒: प्र रो॑द॒सी म॒रुतो॒ विष्णु॑रर्हिरे॥
  té hí dyā́vāpṛthivī́ bhū́riretasā nárāśáṃsaścáturaṅgo yamóʼditiḥ.
  devástváṣṭā draviṇodā́ ṛbhukṣáṇa: prá rodasī́ marúto víṣṇurarhire.
  They the heaven and earth, abounding with waters, the Narāśaṃsa rite with its four limbs, Yama, Aditi, the divine Tvaṣṭā, (Agni) the giver of wealth, the Ṛbhus, Rodasī, the Maruts, and Viṣṇu are worshipped by us.
(with बल (bala, “an army”)) comprising (4 parts, viz.) elephants, chariots, cavalry, and infantry (MBh. III, 790, R. II, 51, 7)

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of चतुरङ्ग
Nom. sg.	चतुरङगः (caturaṅagaḥ)
Gen. sg.	चतुरङगस्य (caturaṅagasya)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	चतुरङगः (caturaṅagaḥ)	चतुरङगौ (caturaṅagau)	चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ)
Vocative	चतुरङग (caturaṅaga)	चतुरङगौ (caturaṅagau)	चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ)
Accusative	चतुरङगम् (caturaṅagam)	चतुरङगौ (caturaṅagau)	चतुरङगान् (caturaṅagān)
Instrumental	चतुरङगेण (caturaṅageṇa)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगैः (caturaṅagaiḥ)
Dative	चतुरङगाय (caturaṅagāya)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगेभ्यः (caturaṅagebhyaḥ)
Ablative	चतुरङगात् (caturaṅagāt)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगेभ्यः (caturaṅagebhyaḥ)
Genitive	चतुरङगस्य (caturaṅagasya)	चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ)	चतुरङगाणाम् (caturaṅagāṇām)
Locative	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ)	चतुरङगेषु (caturaṅageṣu)

Feminine ā-stem declension of चतुरङ्ग
Nom. sg.	चतुरङगा (caturaṅagā)
Gen. sg.	चतुरङगायाः (caturaṅagāyāḥ)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	चतुरङगा (caturaṅagā)	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ)
Vocative	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ)
Accusative	चतुरङगाम् (caturaṅagām)	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ)
Instrumental	चतुरङगया (caturaṅagayā)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगाभिः (caturaṅagābhiḥ)
Dative	चतुरङगायै (caturaṅagāyai)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगाभ्यः (caturaṅagābhyaḥ)
Ablative	चतुरङगायाः (caturaṅagāyāḥ)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगाभ्यः (caturaṅagābhyaḥ)
Genitive	चतुरङगायाः (caturaṅagāyāḥ)	चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ)	चतुरङगाणाम् (caturaṅagāṇām)
Locative	चतुरङगायाम् (caturaṅagāyām)	चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ)	चतुरङगासु (caturaṅagāsu)

Neuter a-stem declension of चतुरङ्ग
Nom. sg.	चतुरङगम् (caturaṅagam)
Gen. sg.	चतुरङगस्य (caturaṅagasya)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	चतुरङगम् (caturaṅagam)	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगाणि (caturaṅagāṇi)
Vocative	चतुरङग (caturaṅaga)	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगाणि (caturaṅagāṇi)
Accusative	चतुरङगम् (caturaṅagam)	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगाणि (caturaṅagāṇi)
Instrumental	चतुरङगेण (caturaṅageṇa)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगैः (caturaṅagaiḥ)
Dative	चतुरङगाय (caturaṅagāya)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगेभ्यः (caturaṅagebhyaḥ)
Ablative	चतुरङगात् (caturaṅagāt)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगेभ्यः (caturaṅagebhyaḥ)
Genitive	चतुरङगस्य (caturaṅagasya)	चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ)	चतुरङगाणाम् (caturaṅagāṇām)
Locative	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ)	चतुरङगेषु (caturaṅageṣu)

Noun

चतुरङ्ग • (caturaṅga) stem, m

Cucumis utilissimus
name of a son of रोमपाद (romapāda) or लोमपाद (lomapāda) (Hariv. 1697 f., BhP. IX, 23, 10)
(scil. बल (bala)) = चतुरङ्गबल (cátur-aṅga-bala) (AV., Pariś. ??, MBh. IX, 446)
(chess) a kind of chess (played by 4 parties) (Tithyād.)

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of चतुरङ्ग
Nom. sg.	चतुरङगः (caturaṅagaḥ)
Gen. sg.	चतुरङगस्य (caturaṅagasya)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	चतुरङगः (caturaṅagaḥ)	चतुरङगौ (caturaṅagau)	चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ)
Vocative	चतुरङग (caturaṅaga)	चतुरङगौ (caturaṅagau)	चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ)
Accusative	चतुरङगम् (caturaṅagam)	चतुरङगौ (caturaṅagau)	चतुरङगान् (caturaṅagān)
Instrumental	चतुरङगेण (caturaṅageṇa)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगैः (caturaṅagaiḥ)
Dative	चतुरङगाय (caturaṅagāya)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगेभ्यः (caturaṅagebhyaḥ)
Ablative	चतुरङगात् (caturaṅagāt)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगेभ्यः (caturaṅagebhyaḥ)
Genitive	चतुरङगस्य (caturaṅagasya)	चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ)	चतुरङगाणाम् (caturaṅagāṇām)
Locative	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ)	चतुरङगेषु (caturaṅageṣu)

Descendants

→ Kannada: ಚದುರಂಗ (caduraṅga)
→ Malayalam: ചതുരംഗം (caturaṅgaṁ)
→ Malay: catur
- Indonesian: catur
- → Maguindanao: satol
- → Maranao: sator
- → Tagalog: satol
- → Tausug: sattul
→ Middle Persian: 𐭰𐭠𐭲‎𐭫𐭠𐭭𐭢 (ctlng /⁠čatrang⁠/)
- Persian: شترنگ (šatrang)
  - → Arabic: شطرنج (šaṭranj) (see there for further descendants)
  - → Mongolian: шатар (šatar)
- → Georgian: ჭადრაკი (č̣adraḳi)
- → Koine Greek: ζατρίκιον (zatríkion)
  - → Greek: ζατρίκιο (zatríkio)
- → Middle Armenian: ճատրակ (čatrak), ճարտրակ (čartrak), ճատրկուց (čatrkucʻ), ճատրկոց (čatrkocʻ)
  - → Armenian: ճատրակ (čatrak) (learned)
Pali: caturaṅga
- → Burmese: စစ်တုရင် (cactu.rang)
- → Khmer: ចត្រង្គ (caʼtrɑng)
→ Tamil: சதுரங்கம் (caturaṅkam)
→ Telugu: చతురంగము (caturaṅgamu)

References

Jacobi, Hermann (1896) “Ueber zwei ältere Erwähnungen des Schachspiels in der Sanskrit-Litteratur”, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft‎^[1] (in German), volume 50, pages 227–233
Monier Williams (1899) “चतुरङ्ग”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0384.