Bhojpuri

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Etymology

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Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जल (jala)

Noun

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जल (jalm (Kaithi 𑂔𑂪)

  1. water

Hindi

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Pronunciation

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  • (Delhi) IPA(key): /d͡ʒəl/, [d͡ʒɐl]
  • Rhymes: -əl

Etymology 1

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Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀚𑀮 (jala), from Sanskrit जल (jalá).

Noun

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जल (jalm (Urdu spelling جل)

  1. water
    Synonyms: आब (āb), पानी (pānī)
Declension
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Etymology 2

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Verb

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जल (jal)

  1. inflection of जलना (jalnā):
    1. stem
    2. second-person singular intimate present imperative

Marathi

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Etymology

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Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जल (jala). Doublet of जळ (jaḷ).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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जल (jaln

  1. (Chemistry) water
    Synonyms: पाणी (pāṇī), उदक (udak), तोय (toy), नीर (nīr)

Declension

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Declension of जल (neut cons-stem)
direct
singular
जल
jal
direct
plural
जले, जलं
jale, jala
singular
एकवचन
plural
अनेकवचन
nominative
प्रथमा
जल
jal
जले, जलं
jale, jala
oblique
सामान्यरूप
जला
jalā
जलां-
jalān-
acc. / dative
द्वितीया / चतुर्थी
जलाला
jalālā
जलांना
jalānnā
ergative जलाने, जलानं
jalāne, jalāna
जलांनी
jalānnī
instrumental जलाशी
jalāśī
जलांशी
jalānśī
locative
सप्तमी
जलात
jalāt
जलांत
jalāt
vocative
संबोधन
जला
jalā
जलांनो
jalānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions.
There is no space between the stem and the postposition.
Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.
Genitive declension of जल (neut cons-stem)
masculine object
पुल्लिंगी कर्म
feminine object
स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म
neuter object
नपुसकलिंगी कर्म
oblique
सामान्यरूप
singular
एकवचन
plural
अनेकवचन
singular
एकवचन
plural
अनेकवचन
singular*
एकवचन
plural
अनेकवचन
singular subject
एकवचनी कर्ता
जलाचा
jalāċā
जलाचे
jalāċe
जलाची
jalācī
जलाच्या
jalācā
जलाचे, जलाचं
jalāċe, jalāċa
जलाची
jalācī
जलाच्या
jalācā
plural subject
अनेकवचनी कर्ता
जलांचा
jalānċā
जलांचे
jalānċe
जलांची
jalāñcī
जलांच्या
jalāncā
जलांचे, जलांचं
jalānċe, jalānċa
जलांची
jalāñcī
जलांच्या
jalāñcā
* Note: Word-final (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as (a).
Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

Derived terms

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References

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  • Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “जल”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies

Nepali

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Etymology

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Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जल (jalá).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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जल (jal)

  1. water
    Synonym: पानी (pānī)

Pali

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Alternative forms

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Noun

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जल n

  1. Devanagari script form of jala (water)

Declension

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Sanskrit

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Alternative forms

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Etymology 1

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From जल् (jal, to be sharp; to be stiff or dull).

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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जल (jalá) stem

  1. stupid, unintelligent, dumb
Declension
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Masculine a-stem declension of जल (jalá)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative जलः
jaláḥ
जलौ / जला¹
jalaú / jalā́¹
जलाः / जलासः¹
jalā́ḥ / jalā́saḥ¹
Vocative जल
jála
जलौ / जला¹
jálau / jálā¹
जलाः / जलासः¹
jálāḥ / jálāsaḥ¹
Accusative जलम्
jalám
जलौ / जला¹
jalaú / jalā́¹
जलान्
jalā́n
Instrumental जलेन
jaléna
जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām
जलैः / जलेभिः¹
jalaíḥ / jalébhiḥ¹
Dative जलाय
jalā́ya
जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām
जलेभ्यः
jalébhyaḥ
Ablative जलात्
jalā́t
जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām
जलेभ्यः
jalébhyaḥ
Genitive जलस्य
jalásya
जलयोः
jaláyoḥ
जलानाम्
jalā́nām
Locative जले
jalé
जलयोः
jaláyoḥ
जलेषु
jaléṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic
Feminine ā-stem declension of जला (jalā́)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative जला
jalā́
जले
jalé
जलाः
jalā́ḥ
Vocative जले
jále
जले
jále
जलाः
jálāḥ
Accusative जलाम्
jalā́m
जले
jalé
जलाः
jalā́ḥ
Instrumental जलया / जला¹
jaláyā / jalā́¹
जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām
जलाभिः
jalā́bhiḥ
Dative जलायै
jalā́yai
जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām
जलाभ्यः
jalā́bhyaḥ
Ablative जलायाः / जलायै²
jalā́yāḥ / jalā́yai²
जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām
जलाभ्यः
jalā́bhyaḥ
Genitive जलायाः / जलायै²
jalā́yāḥ / jalā́yai²
जलयोः
jaláyoḥ
जलानाम्
jalā́nām
Locative जलायाम्
jalā́yām
जलयोः
jaláyoḥ
जलासु
jalā́su
Notes
  • ¹Vedic
  • ²Brāhmaṇas
Neuter a-stem declension of जल (jalá)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative जलम्
jalám
जले
jalé
जलानि / जला¹
jalā́ni / jalā́¹
Vocative जल
jála
जले
jále
जलानि / जला¹
jálāni / jálā¹
Accusative जलम्
jalám
जले
jalé
जलानि / जला¹
jalā́ni / jalā́¹
Instrumental जलेन
jaléna
जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām
जलैः / जलेभिः¹
jalaíḥ / jalébhiḥ¹
Dative जलाय
jalā́ya
जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām
जलेभ्यः
jalébhyaḥ
Ablative जलात्
jalā́t
जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām
जलेभ्यः
jalébhyaḥ
Genitive जलस्य
jalásya
जलयोः
jaláyoḥ
जलानाम्
jalā́nām
Locative जले
jalé
जलयोः
jaláyoḥ
जलेषु
jaléṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic

Noun

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जल (jalá) stemm

  1. a stupid man, idiot
Declension
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Masculine a-stem declension of जल (jalá)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative जलः
jaláḥ
जलौ / जला¹
jalaú / jalā́¹
जलाः / जलासः¹
jalā́ḥ / jalā́saḥ¹
Vocative जल
jála
जलौ / जला¹
jálau / jálā¹
जलाः / जलासः¹
jálāḥ / jálāsaḥ¹
Accusative जलम्
jalám
जलौ / जला¹
jalaú / jalā́¹
जलान्
jalā́n
Instrumental जलेन
jaléna
जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām
जलैः / जलेभिः¹
jalaíḥ / jalébhiḥ¹
Dative जलाय
jalā́ya
जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām
जलेभ्यः
jalébhyaḥ
Ablative जलात्
jalā́t
जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām
जलेभ्यः
jalébhyaḥ
Genitive जलस्य
jalásya
जलयोः
jaláyoḥ
जलानाम्
jalā́nām
Locative जले
jalé
जलयोः
jaláyoḥ
जलेषु
jaléṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic

Etymology 2

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Of unclear origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelHo-, from *gʷel- (to dribble; gush forth; spring; squirt; throw), and thus cognate with गल् (gal, to drip) and German quellen ((of water) to well, issue forth). A local substrate origin is possible, though quite unlikely due to the word being attested in Vedic texts and lacking typical substrate features (e.g. retroflexion, variation between aspirated and deaspirated forms). Related to Vedic Sanskrit जलाष (jalāṣa), of uncertain meaning; not related to Latin gelū (frost).

Noun

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जल (jalá) stemn

  1. water
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:जल
Declension
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Neuter a-stem declension of जल (jalá)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative जलम्
jalám
जले
jalé
जलानि / जला¹
jalā́ni / jalā́¹
Vocative जल
jála
जले
jále
जलानि / जला¹
jálāni / jálā¹
Accusative जलम्
jalám
जले
jalé
जलानि / जला¹
jalā́ni / jalā́¹
Instrumental जलेन
jaléna
जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām
जलैः / जलेभिः¹
jalaíḥ / jalébhiḥ¹
Dative जलाय
jalā́ya
जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām
जलेभ्यः
jalébhyaḥ
Ablative जलात्
jalā́t
जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām
जलेभ्यः
jalébhyaḥ
Genitive जलस्य
jalásya
जलयोः
jaláyoḥ
जलानाम्
jalā́nām
Locative जले
jalé
जलयोः
jaláyoḥ
जलेषु
jaléṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic
Synonyms
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Descendants
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References

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  • Monier Williams (1899) “जल”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, [], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 414/2.
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “jarbhárī - jálāṣa-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[1] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 579
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) “jartaḥ — jalūkā”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎[2] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 423
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