लवण

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit लवण (lavaṇa). Doublet of लोन (lon).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /lə.ʋəɳ/, [lɐ.ʋɐ̃ɳ]

Noun

लवण • (lavaṇ) m (formal)

1. salt

   Synonyms: नमक (namak), लोन (lon)

Declension

Declension of लवण (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	लवण lavaṇ	लवण lavaṇ
oblique	लवण lavaṇ	लवणों lavaṇõ
vocative	लवण lavaṇ	लवणो lavaṇo

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• লৱণ (Assamese script)
• ᬮᬯᬡ (Balinese script)
• লবণ (Bengali script)
• 𑰩𑰪𑰜 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀮𑀯𑀡 (Brahmi script)
• လဝဏ (Burmese script)
• લવણ (Gujarati script)
• ਲਵਣ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌲𑌵𑌣 (Grantha script)
• ꦭꦮꦟ (Javanese script)
• 𑂪𑂫𑂝 (Kaithi script)
• ಲವಣ (Kannada script)
• លវណ (Khmer script)
• ລວຓ (Lao script)
• ലവണ (Malayalam script)
• ᠯᠠᠸᠠᢏᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘩𑘪𑘜 (Modi script)
• ᠯᠠᠸᠠᢏᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧉𑧊𑦼 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐮𑐰𑐞 (Newa script)
• ଲଵଣ (Odia script)
• ꢭꢮꢠ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆬𑆮𑆟 (Sharada script)
• 𑖩𑖪𑖜 (Siddham script)
• ලවණ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩽𑩾𑩪 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚥𑚦𑚘 (Takri script)
• லவண (Tamil script)
• లవణ (Telugu script)
• ลวณ (Thai script)
• ལ་ཝ་ཎ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒪𑒫𑒝 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨬𑨭𑨘 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Uncertain. The meanings of both "salt" and "beauty" are also found in other languages; Lithuanian saldus (“sweet, charming”) is derived from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂ls (“salt”). Buck compares लवङ्ग (lavaṅga, “clove”), originally "something cutting, sharp," from the root लू (lū, “to cut”), but this is dismissed as "forced" by Cai. Palsule compares रमण (ramaṇa, “pleasing, charming”), but Mayrhofer finds this unconvincing.

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /lɐ.ʋɐ.ɳɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈl̪ɐ.ʋɐ.ɳɐ/

Noun

लवण • (lavaṇa) stem, n

1. salt (e.g. sea salt, rock salt, etc.)
   • c. 400 BCE – 200 CE, Cāṇakya, Arthaśāstra 2.12.34:

     अतोअन्यो लवण-क्षार-वर्गः शुल्कं दद्यात् ॥

     atoanyo lavaṇa-kṣāra-vargaḥ śulkaṃ dadyāt.

     • Translation by R. Shamasastry

       Salt and alkalines for purposes other than this shall be subject to the payment of toll.

2. beauty, lustre

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of लवण (lavaṇa)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	लवणम् lavaṇam	लवणे lavaṇe	लवणानि / लवणा¹ lavaṇāni / lavaṇā¹
Vocative	लवण lavaṇa	लवणे lavaṇe	लवणानि / लवणा¹ lavaṇāni / lavaṇā¹
Accusative	लवणम् lavaṇam	लवणे lavaṇe	लवणानि / लवणा¹ lavaṇāni / lavaṇā¹
Instrumental	लवणेन lavaṇena	लवणाभ्याम् lavaṇābhyām	लवणैः / लवणेभिः¹ lavaṇaiḥ / lavaṇebhiḥ¹
Dative	लवणाय lavaṇāya	लवणाभ्याम् lavaṇābhyām	लवणेभ्यः lavaṇebhyaḥ
Ablative	लवणात् lavaṇāt	लवणाभ्याम् lavaṇābhyām	लवणेभ्यः lavaṇebhyaḥ
Genitive	लवणस्य lavaṇasya	लवणयोः lavaṇayoḥ	लवणानाम् lavaṇānām
Locative	लवणे lavaṇe	लवणयोः lavaṇayoḥ	लवणेषु lavaṇeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Noun

लवण • (lavaṇa) stem, m

1. saltiness, salinity
2. saltwater sea
3. name of a river

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of लवण (lavaṇa)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	लवणः lavaṇaḥ	लवणौ / लवणा¹ lavaṇau / lavaṇā¹	लवणाः / लवणासः¹ lavaṇāḥ / lavaṇāsaḥ¹
Vocative	लवण lavaṇa	लवणौ / लवणा¹ lavaṇau / lavaṇā¹	लवणाः / लवणासः¹ lavaṇāḥ / lavaṇāsaḥ¹
Accusative	लवणम् lavaṇam	लवणौ / लवणा¹ lavaṇau / lavaṇā¹	लवणान् lavaṇān
Instrumental	लवणेन lavaṇena	लवणाभ्याम् lavaṇābhyām	लवणैः / लवणेभिः¹ lavaṇaiḥ / lavaṇebhiḥ¹
Dative	लवणाय lavaṇāya	लवणाभ्याम् lavaṇābhyām	लवणेभ्यः lavaṇebhyaḥ
Ablative	लवणात् lavaṇāt	लवणाभ्याम् lavaṇābhyām	लवणेभ्यः lavaṇebhyaḥ
Genitive	लवणस्य lavaṇasya	लवणयोः lavaṇayoḥ	लवणानाम् lavaṇānām
Locative	लवणे lavaṇe	लवणयोः lavaṇayoḥ	लवणेषु lavaṇeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Adjective

लवण • (lavaṇa) stem

1. salty, saline

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of लवण (lavaṇa)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	लवणः lavaṇaḥ	लवणौ / लवणा¹ lavaṇau / lavaṇā¹	लवणाः / लवणासः¹ lavaṇāḥ / lavaṇāsaḥ¹
Vocative	लवण lavaṇa	लवणौ / लवणा¹ lavaṇau / lavaṇā¹	लवणाः / लवणासः¹ lavaṇāḥ / lavaṇāsaḥ¹
Accusative	लवणम् lavaṇam	लवणौ / लवणा¹ lavaṇau / lavaṇā¹	लवणान् lavaṇān
Instrumental	लवणेन lavaṇena	लवणाभ्याम् lavaṇābhyām	लवणैः / लवणेभिः¹ lavaṇaiḥ / lavaṇebhiḥ¹
Dative	लवणाय lavaṇāya	लवणाभ्याम् lavaṇābhyām	लवणेभ्यः lavaṇebhyaḥ
Ablative	लवणात् lavaṇāt	लवणाभ्याम् lavaṇābhyām	लवणेभ्यः lavaṇebhyaḥ
Genitive	लवणस्य lavaṇasya	लवणयोः lavaṇayoḥ	लवणानाम् lavaṇānām
Locative	लवणे lavaṇe	लवणयोः lavaṇayoḥ	लवणेषु lavaṇeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of लवणा (lavaṇā)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	लवणा lavaṇā	लवणे lavaṇe	लवणाः lavaṇāḥ
Vocative	लवणे lavaṇe	लवणे lavaṇe	लवणाः lavaṇāḥ
Accusative	लवणाम् lavaṇām	लवणे lavaṇe	लवणाः lavaṇāḥ
Instrumental	लवणया / लवणा¹ lavaṇayā / lavaṇā¹	लवणाभ्याम् lavaṇābhyām	लवणाभिः lavaṇābhiḥ
Dative	लवणायै lavaṇāyai	लवणाभ्याम् lavaṇābhyām	लवणाभ्यः lavaṇābhyaḥ
Ablative	लवणायाः / लवणायै² lavaṇāyāḥ / lavaṇāyai²	लवणाभ्याम् lavaṇābhyām	लवणाभ्यः lavaṇābhyaḥ
Genitive	लवणायाः / लवणायै² lavaṇāyāḥ / lavaṇāyai²	लवणयोः lavaṇayoḥ	लवणानाम् lavaṇānām
Locative	लवणायाम् lavaṇāyām	लवणयोः lavaṇayoḥ	लवणासु lavaṇāsu
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of लवण (lavaṇa)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	लवणम् lavaṇam	लवणे lavaṇe	लवणानि / लवणा¹ lavaṇāni / lavaṇā¹
Vocative	लवण lavaṇa	लवणे lavaṇe	लवणानि / लवणा¹ lavaṇāni / lavaṇā¹
Accusative	लवणम् lavaṇam	लवणे lavaṇe	लवणानि / लवणा¹ lavaṇāni / lavaṇā¹
Instrumental	लवणेन lavaṇena	लवणाभ्याम् lavaṇābhyām	लवणैः / लवणेभिः¹ lavaṇaiḥ / lavaṇebhiḥ¹
Dative	लवणाय lavaṇāya	लवणाभ्याम् lavaṇābhyām	लवणेभ्यः lavaṇebhyaḥ
Ablative	लवणात् lavaṇāt	लवणाभ्याम् lavaṇābhyām	लवणेभ्यः lavaṇebhyaḥ
Genitive	लवणस्य lavaṇasya	लवणयोः lavaṇayoḥ	लवणानाम् lavaṇānām
Locative	लवणे lavaṇe	लवणयोः lavaṇayoḥ	लवणेषु lavaṇeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

• Assamese: লোণ (lün)
• Bengali: লোন (lōn), লুন (lun), নুন (nun)
• Kalasha: ḷọ̃
• Magahi: 𑂢𑂴𑂢 (nūn)
• Odia: ଲୁଣ (luṇa)
• Pali: loṇa
• Phalura: lhoóṇ
• Punjabi:

  Gurmukhi script: ਲੂਣ (lūṇ)

  Shahmukhi script: لُوݨ (lūṇ)

• Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀮𑁄𑀡 (loṇa)
  • Hindustani:

    Hindi: लोन (lon)

    Urdu: لون (lon)

  • Old Gujarati: लूण (lūṇa)
    • Gujarati: લૂણ (lūṇ)
  • Romani: lon
• Sinhalese: ලුණු (luṇu)
• Torwali: لن
• → Bengali: লবণ (lobon) (learned)
• → Hindi: लवण (lavaṇ) (learned)
• → Tamil: லவணம் (lavaṇam) (learned)
• → Telugu: లవణము (lavaṇamu) (learned)

References

• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “lavaṇá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 637
• Monier Williams (1899) “लवण”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 898.