ḫr

See also: Appendix:Variations of "hr"

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (preposition): (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /χuɾ/ → /χuʔ/ → /χuʔ/ → /χøʔ/

• (preposition): (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /χuɾ/
• (preposition): (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /χuʔ/
• (preposition): (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /χuʔ/
• (preposition): (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /χøʔ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /xɛr/
  • Conventional anglicization: kher

Etymology 1

Preposition

1. in the presence of
2. into the presence of, to
3. by, through the choice or presence of

Usage notes

This preposition is used when the object is someone of higher status, such as a king or a god, relating one person to another when social customs prohibit specifying a direct relationship. Thus, one does not speak ‘to’ (n) a god, but ‘in the presence of’ (ḫr) him.

Derived terms

• jmꜣḫy ḫr
• jmꜣḫw-ḫr-nṯr-ꜥꜣ
• ḫrj
• ḫr ḥm n
• ḫrt

 

Descendants

• Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲁ- (ha-), ϩⲁⲣⲟ⸗ (haro⸗)
• Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲁ- (ha-), ϩⲁⲣⲟ⸗ (haro⸗)

Etymology 2

Particle

 proclitic

1. (with following subjunctive or nonverbal predicate) then, and then, so; introduces a subordinate clause describing the inevitable result of an action in a preceding clause
2. (with following suffix pronoun/subject and imperfective) must, has to; introduces a subordinate clause describing a necessity
3. (introducing a prepositional phrase) then; also functions as a converter to allow a prepositional phrase to begin a sentence

Usage notes

In Middle Egyptian this particle is commonly used with a following subject and imperfective to denote necessity but only rarely with a following subjunctive to denote inevitable result.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḫr  

jḫr	ḫr

Derived terms

• .ḫr

Etymology 3

Possibly derived from ḫrw (“voice”).

Particle

 quotative

1. (with following suffix pronoun, and optionally also noun, indicating the speaker) marks a non-future direct quotation; says, said

Usage notes

Like the other quotatives kꜣ, jn, and ḫrw.fj, this word either follows the entire quotation that it marks or is inserted near its start (but never at its start).

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḫr  

ḫrw	ḫrw	ḫrw

Derived terms

• ḫrw.fj

Etymology 4

Compare Arabic خَرَّ (ḵarra, “to fall”).

Verb

 2-lit.

1. (intransitive) to fall
   • c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 21–22:

     mꜣꜥ.n.sn n zꜣ ꜣst ḫft(j).f ḫr n qn.f

     To the son of Isis they have delivered his adversary, fallen through his (own) violence.

2. (transitive) to fell

Inflection

Conjugation of ḫr (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ḫr, geminated stem: ḫrr

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ḫr	ḫrw, ḫr	ḫrt	ḫr, j.ḫr	ḫr, j.ḫr

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ḫr	ḥr ḫr	m ḫr	r ḫr

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ḫr.n	ḫrw, ḫr	consecutive	ḫr.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ḫrt
perfective3	ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ḫr.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ḫr, j.ḫr1	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ḫr	ḫrr	potentialis1	ḫr.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ḫr, j.ḫr1	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ḫr.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2	ḫr	ḫrr, ḫrrj6, ḫr2, ḫrw2 5, ḫry2 5
imperfective	j.ḫr1, ḫr, ḫry, ḫrw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	j.ḫr1, j.ḫrw1 5, ḫr, ḫrj6, ḫry6	ḫr, ḫrw5
prospective	ḫr, ḫrtj7	—	ḫrtj4, ḫrt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Derived terms

• sḫr

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 88–89, 195, 273, 319–320.