U+4E16, 世
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E16

[U+4E15]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+4E17]

Translingual

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Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 1, +4, 5 strokes, cangjie input 心廿 (PT), four-corner 44717, composition 廿𠃊)

Derived characters

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Descendants

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Further reading

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Chinese Wikisource has digitized text of the Kangxi Dictionary entry for :
[[wikisource:zh:康熙字典/一部/四畫#世|一部/四畫]]

Wikisource


  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 77, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31
  • Dae Jaweon: page 155, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 14, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+4E16

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
alternative forms

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
     



References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Etymology

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(OC *hljebs) is derived from iterative devoicing of (OC *leb, “leaf”) + *-s suffix, meaning successive foliages of a tree > generations. Compare Tibetan ལོ་མ (lo ma, leaf), Western Tibetan ལོབ་མ (lob ma, leaf) and Tibetan ལོ (lo, year).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • si4 - vernacular;
  • se4 - literary.
Note:
  • Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taiwan:
    • sì - vernacular;
    • sè - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
Harbin /ʂʐ̩⁵³/
Tianjin /ʂʐ̩⁵³/
Jinan /ʂʐ̩²¹/
Qingdao /ʃz̩⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʂʐ̩³¹²/
Xi'an /ʂʐ̩⁴⁴/
Xining /ʂʐ̩²¹³/
Yinchuan /ʂʐ̩¹³/
Lanzhou /ʂʐ̩¹³/
Ürümqi /ʂʐ̩²¹³/
Wuhan /sz̩³⁵/
Chengdu /sz̩¹³/
Guiyang /sz̩²¹³/
Kunming /ʂʐ̩²¹²/
Nanjing /ʂʐ̩⁴⁴/
Hefei /ʂʐ̩⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /sz̩⁴⁵/
Pingyao /ʂʐ̩³⁵/
Hohhot /sz̩⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /sz̩³⁵/
Suzhou /sz̩ʷ⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /sz̩⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /sei⁴²/
Hui Shexian /ɕi³²⁴/
Tunxi /ɕie⁴²/
/ɕi¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /sz̩⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /sz̩⁵³/
Taoyuan /ʃï⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sɐi³⁵/
Nanning /sɐi³³/
Hong Kong /sɐi³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /se²¹/
/si²¹/
/sua²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /siɛ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /si³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /si²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ti³⁵/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (26)
Final () (35)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter syejH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɕiᴇiH/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɕiɛiH/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɕjæiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ɕiajH/
Li
Rong
/ɕiɛiH/
Wang
Li
/ɕĭɛiH/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/ɕi̯ɛiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
shì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
sai3
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
shì
Middle
Chinese
‹ syejH ›
Old
Chinese
/*l̥ap-s/
English generation

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 11537
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
2
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*hljebs/
Notes

Definitions

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  1. generation
      ―  shìdài  ―  generation
    德皇威廉  ―  déhuáng Wēilián èr shì  ―  Kaiser Wilhelm II
  2. (literary, or in compounds) for many generations; spanning many generations
      ―  shì  ―  to inherit; to succeed
      ―  shìchóu  ―  hereditary enemy
  3. (in terms of address) longstanding friendship between two families; generations of family friendship
      ―  shì  ―  uncle (friend of one's father)
  4. lifetime; all one's life; one's whole life
    一生一  ―  yīshēngyīshì  ―  all one's life
    [Cantonese]  ―  haa6 sai3 [Jyutping]  ―  next life
  5. era; period; time
    當今当今  ―  dāngjīn zhī shì  ―  at present; nowadays
  6. (geology) epoch (geochronologic unit)
    全新  ―  quánxīnshì  ―  holocene
  7. world; people in the world
      ―  shìjiè  ―  world
      ―  zàishì  ―  alive
  8. (literary, or in compounds) dynasty; regime
  9. (literary, or in compounds) year; age
  10. (literary, or in compounds) worldly; profane; secular
    人情  ―  rénqíngshì  ―  ways of the world
  11. a surname

Synonyms

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  • (generation): (dài)
  • (for many generations):
  • (lifetime):
  • (era):
  • (world):
  • (dynasty):

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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  • Go-on: (se, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: せい (sei, Jōyō)
  • Kun: (yo, , Jōyō)
  • Nanori: とし (toshi) (yu)ゆき (yuki)

Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term

Grade: 3
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling

⟨yo2/yo/

From Old Japanese, pronunciation is distinct from (/⁠yo1⁠/, night, nighttime).

Change in meaning of (yo), in the sense of the bamboos and reeds bulging at certain intervals.[1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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() (yo

  1. world, society
  2. this world, this life
    Synonym: 俗世間 (zoku seken)
  3. (archaic) generation, age, era
  4. lifetime
    Synonym: 一生 (isshō)
  5. lifespan
    Synonym: 寿命 (jumyō)
  6. time of year, season
    Synonyms: 時節 (jisetsu), 時期 (jiki), (ori)
  7. relationship between a man and a woman
  8. period of a person leading as a patriarch (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
せい
Grade: 3
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese (MC syejH). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

Counter

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(せい) (-sei

  1. generation
    ルパン(さん)(せい)
    Rupan-sansei
    Lupin the Third

Suffix

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(せい) (-sei

  1. (geology) epoch

Proper noun

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(せい) (Sei

  1. a female given name

References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese (MC syejH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 솅〮 (Yale: syéy)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 누리〮 (Yale: nwùlí) 셰〯 (Yale: syěy)
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 인간 (Yale: inkan) (Yale: syey)

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰe̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun 인간(人間) )

  1. hanja form? of (world)
  2. hanja form? of (lineage; generation)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [3]

Okinawan

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Kanji

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(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
ゆー
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

Cognate with mainland Japanese (yo).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(ゆー) (

  1. age, era, period, time; rule
  2. world, society

Derived terms

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References

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  • ゆー【世】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Việt readings: thế
: Nôm readings: thế, thá, thé, thể

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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  NODES
Note 6
Verify 1