健

健 U+5065, 健 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5065 ← 偤 [U+5064] CJK Unified Ideographs 偦 → [U+5066]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

健 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+9, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人弓大手 (ONKQ), four-corner 2524₀, composition ⿰亻建)

Derived characters

• 𮧨, 𨫡, 𮅿, 𩅋

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 111, character 11
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 875
• Dae Jaweon: page 237, character 10
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 184, character 9
• Unihan data for U+5065

Chinese

simp. and trad.		健
2nd round simp.		伣
alternative forms		徤

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 健
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Small seal script s05709
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (建) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
犍	*ɡran, *kan
騝	*ɡran, *kan
鍵	*ɡran, *ɡranʔ, *ɡanʔ
揵	*ɡran, *kanʔ
鞬	*kan
腱	*kan, *ɡans
湕	*kanʔ
建	*kans
旔	*kans
楗	*ɡanʔ
健	*ɡans

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡans) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 建 (OC *kans).

Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)aː(r/l) (“solid, congealed, frozen, viscous, strong”), and cognate with Burmese ခဲ (hkai:, “to freeze”) (STEDT).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): jiàn (jian⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˋ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jian⁴

  (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): jiān

  (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): jiēn

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gin⁶

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): gen⁵

• Gan (Wiktionary): qien¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): khien / khian

  (Meixian, Guangdong): kian⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): jie¹
• Northern Min (KCR): gṳ̿ing
• Eastern Min (BUC): giâng / giông
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gyo⁵ / gyaⁿ⁵ / goeng⁵ / gyeng⁵
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kiāⁿ / kiān

  (Teochew, Peng'im): giang⁶ / giêng⁶ / gian⁷

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵ci
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jienn⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiàn
    • Wade–Giles: chien⁴
    • Yale: jyàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
    • Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: jian⁴
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gian
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiɛn²¹³/
  • (Xi'an)
    • Guanzhong Pinyin: jiān
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiã⁵⁵/
  • (Nanjing)
    • Nanjing Pinyin: jiēn
    • Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): jien⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiẽ⁴⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gin⁶
    • Yale: gihn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gin⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: gin⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiːn²²/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: gen⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ken³²/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: qien¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁴²/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khien
    • Hakka Romanization System: kien
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kian⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯en⁵⁵/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khian
    • Hakka Romanization System: kian
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kian⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯an⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: kian⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰian⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: jie¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕie¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gṳ̿ing
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyiŋ³³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: giâng / giông
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiɑŋ²⁴²/, /kyɔŋ²⁴²/

Note:

• giâng - vernacular;
• giông - literary.

• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: gyo⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyɒ²¹/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: gyaⁿ⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kỹã²¹/
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: goeng⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kœŋ²¹/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: gyeng⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyøŋ²¹/

Note:

• gyo5/gyaⁿ5 - vernacular;
• goeng5/gyeng5 - literary.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiāⁿ / kiān
    • Tâi-lô: kiānn / kiān
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kvia, kien
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kiã²²/, /kiɛn²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiã⁴¹/, /kiɛn⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiã²²/, /kiɛn²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kiã³³/, /kiɛn³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiã³³/, /kiɛn³³/

Note:

• kiāⁿ - vernacular;
• kiān - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: giang⁶ / giêng⁶ / gian⁷
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiăng / kiĕng / kiāⁿ
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiaŋ³⁵/, /kieŋ³⁵/, /kĩã¹¹/

Note:

• giang6/giêng6 - literary (giêng6 - Chaozhou);
• gian7 - vernacular.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵ci
    • MiniDict: ci^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²ji
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕi³⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: jienn⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ẽ⁴⁵/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 健
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕian⁵¹/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕian⁵³/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕian⁵³/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕiã²¹/
	Qingdao	/t͡ɕiã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡ɕian³¹²/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕiã⁴⁴/
	Xining	/t͡ɕiã²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕian¹³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕiɛ̃n¹³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕian²¹³/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕiɛn³⁵/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕian¹³/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕian²¹³/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕʰiɛ̃⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/t͡ɕien⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕiĩ⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕie⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕie̞³⁵/
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕie⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡ɕi³⁵/
	Suzhou	/d͡ʑiɪ³¹/
	Hangzhou	/d͡ʑiẽ̞¹³/
	Wenzhou	/d͡ʑi²²/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕʰie²²/
	Tunxi	/t͡ɕiɛ⁴²/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡ɕiẽ⁵⁵/
	Xiangtan	/t͡ɕiẽ⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕʰiɛn²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰian⁵³/
	Taoyuan	/kʰien⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kin²²/
	Nanning	/kin²²/
	Hong Kong	/kin²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kian²²/ /kiã²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kyɔŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kyiŋ³³/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kiaŋ³⁵/ /kiã³¹/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/kin³⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: gjonH

Rime
Character	健
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	元 (65)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	渠建切
Baxter	gjonH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨɐnH/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡiɐnH/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiɐnH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gɨanH/
Li Rong	/ɡiɐnH/
Wang Li	/ɡĭɐnH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/gɨ̯ɐnH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gin6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡans/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	健
Reading #	1/1
No.	6224
Phonetic component	建
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	健
Old Chinese	/*ɡans/

Definitions

健

1. strong; robust; vigorous
2. healthy; in good health

   健康  ―  jiànkāng  ―  health; healthy; sound

3. adeptly; energetically
4. a surname

Compounds

• 伉健
• 保健 (bǎojiàn)
• 保健操 (bǎojiàncāo)
• 保健物理
• 保健粉筆 / 保健粉笔
• 健仰
• 健保 (jiànbǎo)
• 健保卡
• 健兒 / 健儿 (jiàn'ér)
• 健兒門診 / 健儿门诊
• 健全 (jiànquán)
• 健力
• 健力舞
• 健力運動 / 健力运动
• 健吏
• 健在 (jiànzài)
• 健壯 / 健壮 (jiànzhuàng)
• 健婦 / 健妇
• 健存
• 健實 / 健实
• 健將 / 健将 (jiànjiàng)
• 健康 (jiànkāng)
• 健康保險 / 健康保险 (jiànkāng bǎoxiǎn)
• 健康教育
• 健康檢查 / 健康检查
• 健康襪 / 健康袜
• 健康醋
• 健康食品 (jiànkāng shípǐn)
• 健忘 (jiànwàng)
• 健忘症 (jiànwàngzhèng)
• 健捷
• 健旺 (jiànwàng)
• 健朗 (jiànlǎng)
• 健檢 / 健检 (jiànjiǎn)
• 健步 (jiànbù)
• 健步如飛 / 健步如飞 (jiànbùrúfēi)
• 健水
• 健浪
• 健碩 / 健硕 (jiànshuò)
• 健筆 / 健笔
• 健美 (jiànměi)
• 健美操
• 健美褲 / 健美裤
• 健美運動 / 健美运动 (jiànměi yùndòng)
• 健羨 / 健羡
• 健胃
• 健胃劑 / 健胃剂
• 健胸
• 健舞
• 健行 (jiànxíng)
• 健訟 / 健讼
• 健談 / 健谈 (jiàntán)
• 健起
• 健身 (jiànshēn)
• 健身房 (jiànshēnfáng)
• 健身院
• 優生保健 / 优生保健
• 全民健保
• 凌雲健筆 / 凌云健笔
• 刁健訟棍 / 刁健讼棍
• 剛健 / 刚健 (gāngjiàn)
• 勇健 (yǒngjiàn)
• 四健會 / 四健会
• 壯健 / 壮健 (zhuàngjiàn)
• 官健
• 尖齊圓健 / 尖齐圆健
• 康健 (kāngjiàn)
• 強健 / 强健 (qiángjiàn)
• 復健 / 复健 (fùjiàn)
• 復健中心 / 复健中心
• 復健醫學 / 复健医学
• 心理健康 (xīnlǐ jiànkāng)
• 爽健 (shuǎngjiàn)
• 矯健 / 矫健 (jiǎojiàn)
• 神爽體健 / 神爽体健
• 積健為雄 / 积健为雄
• 穩健 / 稳健 (wěnjiàn)
• 身輕體健 / 身轻体健
• 輕健 / 轻健 (qīngjiàn)
• 雅健
• 雄健 (xióngjiàn)
• 頑健 / 顽健
• 馬前健 / 马前健

 

Japanese

Kanji

健

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

1. strong, robust, healthy
2. strength

Readings

• Go-on: ごん (gon)
• Kan-on: けん (ken, Jōyō)
• Kun: すこやか (sukoyaka, 健やか, Jōyō)、たけし (takeshi, 健し)、したたか (shitataka, 健か)

Compounds

• 健康(けんこう) (kenkō): health
• 健全(けんぜん) (kenzen)
• 健闘(けんとう) (kentō): good fight, strenuous effort

Proper noun

健(けん) • (Ken) 

1. a male given name

健(たけし) • (Takeshi) 

1. a male given name

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 健 (MC gjonH).

Historical readings

• Recorded as Middle Korean 껀〮 (Yale: kkén) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
• Recorded as Middle Korean 건 (ken) (Yale: ken) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [kɘ(ː)n]
• Phonetic hangul: [건(ː)]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource

健 (eumhun 굳셀 건 (gutsel geon))
健 (eumhun 건강할 건 (geon'ganghal geon))

1. hanja form^? of 건 (“strong; firm”)
2. hanja form^? of 건 (“used to form nouns related to health”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 건각 (健脚, geon'gak)
• 건강 (健康, geon'gang)
• 건경 (健勁, geon'gyeong)
• 건담 (健啖, geondam)
• 건망 (健忘, geonmang)
• 건보 (健步, geonbo)
• 건부 (健夫, geonbu)
• 건부 (健婦, geonbu)
• 건상 (健爽, geonsang)
• 건선 (健羨, geonseon)
• 건승 (健勝, geonseung)
• 건식 (健食, geonsik)
• 건실 (健實, geonsil)
• 건아 (健兒, geona)
• 건완 (健腕, geonwan)
• 건위 (健胃, geonwi)
• 건장 (健壯, geonjang)
• 건재 (健在, geonjae)
• 건전 (健全, geonjeon)
• 건첩 (健捷, geoncheop)
• 건투 (健鬪, geontu)
• 건필 (健筆, geonpil)
• 강건 (剛健, ganggeon)
• 강건 (康健, ganggeon)
• 경건 (勁健, gyeonggeon)
• 권건 (權健, gwon'geon)
• 보건 (保健, bogeon)
• 필건 (筆健, pilgeon)
• 항건 (伉健, hanggeon)
• 건담가 (健啖家, geondamga)
• 건망증 (健忘症, geonmangjeung)
• 건망실어증 (健忘失語症, geonmangsireojeung)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

健: Hán Nôm readings: kiện, kẹn, lương

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.