凍

See also: 冻

凍 U+51CD, 凍 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51CD ← 凌 [U+51CC] CJK Unified Ideographs 凎 → [U+51CE]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

凍 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 戈一木田 (IMDW), four-corner 3519₆, composition ⿰冫東)

Derived characters

• 𢟞

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 132, character 46
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1670
• Dae Jaweon: page 297, character 2
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 298, character 7
• Unihan data for U+51CD

Chinese

trad.		凍
simp.		冻

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (東) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
東	*toːŋ
菄	*toːŋ
鶇	*toːŋ
倲	*toːŋ
涷	*toːŋ, *toːŋs
蝀	*toːŋ, *toːŋʔ
凍	*toːŋ, *toːŋs
鯟	*toːŋ
崠	*toːŋ
埬	*toːŋ
棟	*toːŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toːŋ, *toːŋs) : semantic 冫 + phonetic 東 (OC *toːŋ).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): dòng (dong⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄥˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): dung³

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tung
• Eastern Min (BUC): dáe̤ng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): tàng / tòng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): dang³ / dong³

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵ton

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: dòng
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄥˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: dòng
    • Wade–Giles: tung⁴
    • Yale: dùng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: donq
    • Palladius: дун (dun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: dung³
    • Yale: dung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dung³
    • Guangdong Romanization: dung³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tung
    • Hakka Romanization System: dung
    • Hagfa Pinyim: dung⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /tuŋ⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: dáe̤ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔyŋ²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tàng / tòng
    • Tâi-lô: tàng / tòng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: daxng, doxng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /taŋ²¹/, /tɔŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /taŋ⁴¹/, /tɔŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /taŋ²¹/, /tɔŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /taŋ¹¹/, /tɔŋ¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /taŋ²¹/, /tɔŋ²¹/

Note:

• tàng - vernacular;
• tòng - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: dang³ / dong³
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tàng / tòng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /taŋ²¹³/, /toŋ²¹³/

Note:

• dang3 - vernacular;
• dong3 - literary.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵ton
    • MiniDict: ton^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²ton
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /toŋ³⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: tuwng, tuwngH

Rime
Character	凍	凍
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	端 (5)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	東 (1)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	德紅切	多貢切
Baxter	tuwng	tuwngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuŋ/	/tuŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/tuŋ/	/tuŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/tuŋ/	/tuŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/təwŋ/	/təwŋH/
Li Rong	/tuŋ/	/tuŋH/
Wang Li	/tuŋ/	/tuŋH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tuŋ/	/tuŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dōng	dòng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dung1	dung3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤoŋ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*toːŋ/, /*toːŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	凍
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dòng
Middle Chinese	‹ tuwngH ›
Old Chinese	/*tˁoŋ-s/
English	freeze
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	凍	凍
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	2441	2447
Phonetic component	東	東
Rime group	東	東
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	東	涷
Old Chinese	/*toːŋ/	/*toːŋs/

Definitions

凍

1. cold; (of weather) chilly
2. to freeze
3. jelly
4. a surname

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		冷, 寒冷 weather
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	冷
	Taiwan	冷
	Singapore	冷
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	冷
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	冷
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	冷
	Wanrong	冷
	Xi'an	冷
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	冷
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	冷, 凊 very cold
	Wuhan	冷, 冷凊 weather
	Guilin	冷
	Liuzhou	冷, 凊
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	冷
	Hefei	冷
Cantonese	Guangzhou	凍, 冷
	Hong Kong	凍, 冷 weather
	Taishan	冷
	Yangjiang	凍, 冷 weather
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	凍
	Singapore (Guangfu)	凍
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	凍
Gan	Nanchang	冷
	Lichuan	冷
Hakka	Meixian	冷
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	冷, 寒
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	冷, 寒人
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	冷
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	冷, 寒
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	冷, 寒
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	冷, 寒
Huizhou	Jixi	冷, 凍
Jin	Taiyuan	冷
Northern Min	Jian'ou	凊, 鎮 very cold
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	凊, 凍
Southern Min	Xiamen	冷, 凊, 寒 weather
	Quanzhou	冷, 凊, 寒
	Shishi	寒
	Zhangzhou	冷, 凊, 寒
	Zhao'an	寒
	Dongshan	寒
	Taipei	冷, 凊, 寒
	Penang (Hokkien)	冷, 寒 weather, 凊
	Singapore (Hokkien)	冷, 寒 weather
	Manila (Hokkien)	冷, 寒, 凊
	Chaozhou	凝, 寒 weather, 凊
	Shantou	凝, 寒, 凊, 冷
	Shantou (Chenghai)	凝, 凊
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	凝
	Jieyang	凝, 凊
	Singapore (Teochew)	凝
	Wenchang	寒
	Qionghai	寒
	Singapore (Hainanese)	凊, 寒 weather
Wu	Shanghai	冷
	Shanghai (Chongming)	冷
	Suzhou	冷, 凍 weather
	Danyang	冷
	Hangzhou	冷
	Ningbo	冷
	Wenzhou	冷, 凍
	Lishui	冷
	Jinhua	冷
	Yushan	凊
Xiang	Changsha	冷, 凊 very cold
	Shuangfeng	冷, 凊 very cold

Compounds

• 上凍／上冻 (shàngdòng)
• 不凍／不冻
• 不凍港／不冻港 (bùdònggǎng)
• 價格凍結／价格冻结
• 冰凍／冰冻 (bīngdòng)
• 冰消凍解／冰消冻解
• 冰消凍釋／冰消冻释
• 冰解凍釋／冰解冻释
• 冷凍／冷冻 (lěngdòng)
• 冷凍蔬菜／冷冻蔬菜
• 冷凍食品／冷冻食品 (lěngdòng shípǐn)
• 凍住／冻住
• 凍傷／冻伤 (dòngshāng)
• 凍僵／冻僵
• 凍凌觜臉／冻凌觜脸
• 凍剝剝／冻剥剥
• 凍原／冻原 (dòngyuán)
• 凍土／冻土 (dòngtǔ)
• 凍天行／冻天行
• 凍害／冻害 (dònghài)
• 凍寒／冻寒
• 凍斃／冻毙 (dòngbì)
• 凍欽欽／冻钦钦
• 凍死／冻死 (dòngsǐ)
• 凍瘡／冻疮 (dòngchuāng)
• 凍省／冻省 (dòng shěng)
• 凍石／冻石
• 凍結／冻结 (dòngjié)
• 凍結資金／冻结资金
• 凍肉／冻肉 (dòngròu)
• 凍薪／冻薪 (dòngxīn)
• 凍解冰釋／冻解冰释
• 凍豆腐／冻豆腐
• 凍雨／冻雨 (dòngyǔ)
• 凍餒／冻馁 (dòngněi)
• 凝凍／凝冻
• 北極凍原／北极冻原
• 呵凍／呵冻
• 天寒地凍／天寒地冻 (tiānhándìdòng)
• 愛玉凍／爱玉冻 (àiyùdòng)
• 挨餓受凍／挨饿受冻
• 擔飢受凍／担饥受冻
• 果凍／果冻 (guǒdòng)
• 滴水成凍／滴水成冻
• 肉凍／肉冻 (ròudòng)
• 解凍／解冻 (jiědòng)
• 防凍／防冻 (fángdòng)
• 霜凍／霜冻 (shuāngdòng)
• 飢凍交切／饥冻交切
• 魚凍／鱼冻 (yúdòng)

 

Descendants

• → Old Turkic: dong (frozen)
  • Old Turkic: dong- (to freeze)
  • Turkish: donmak
  • Azerbaijani: donmaq
  • Turkmen: doňmak
    • Turkmen: doň ýürek (coldhearted)

Japanese

Kanji

凍

(Jōyō kanji)

1. frozen

Readings

• Go-on: つう (tsū)^{←つう (tuu, historical)}
• Kan-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)^{←とう (tou, historical)}
• Kun: こおる (kōru, 凍る, Jōyō)^{←こほる (koforu, 凍る, historical)}、こごえる (kogoeru, 凍える, Jōyō)、いてる (iteru, 凍てる)、しみる (shimiru, 凍みる)

Compounds

• 不(ふ)凍(とう) (futō, “nonfreezing”)

Related terms

• 凍(い)てる (iteru)
• 凍(こお)る (kōru)
• 凍(こご)える (kogoeru)
• 凍(し)みる (shimiru)
• 凍(こお)らす (kōrasu)

Korean

Hanja

凍 (eumhun 얼 동 (eol dong))

1. hanja form^? of 동 (“freeze”)
2. hanja form^? of 동 (“cold, congeal”)
3. hanja form^? of 동 (“jelly”)

Vietnamese

Han character

凍: Hán Nôm readings: đống, đông, gióng, rúng, đóng

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.