咎

咎 U+548E, 咎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-548E ← 咍 [U+548D] CJK Unified Ideographs 咏 → [U+548F]

Translingual

Han character

咎 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 竹人口 (HOR) or 竹卜口 (HYR), four-corner 2860₄, composition ⿱处口(G) or ⿱⿺夂人口(TJK))

Derived characters

• 倃 𠴰 㹾 綹(绺) 䛮 鯦 㰶 䓘 晷 鼛 麔

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 185, character 6
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3493
• Dae Jaweon: page 404, character 6
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 607, character 6
• Unihan data for U+548E

Chinese

trad.		咎
simp. #		咎

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 咎
Shang		Warring States		Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Oracle bone script	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (咎) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
咎	*kɯːw, *ɡɯwʔ
鼛	*kɯːw
櫜	*kɯːw
倃	*kɯːw, *ɡɯwʔ
綹	*ɡ·rɯwʔ
麔	*ɡɯwʔ
晷	*kʷrɯwʔ
厬	*kʷrɯwʔ

Originally ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 夊 (“foot”) + 人 (“person”). Later 口 was added, making the modern form an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 各 + 人.

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiù (jiu⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gau³
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiǔ / kiū

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiù
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiòu
    • Wade–Giles: chiu⁴
    • Yale: jyòu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiow
    • Palladius: цзю (czju)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gau³
    • Yale: gau
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gau³
    • Guangdong Romanization: geo³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐu̯³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiǔ
    • Tâi-lô: kiǔ
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiu²²/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiū
    • Tâi-lô: kiū
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiu
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiu³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiu²²/

---

• Middle Chinese: gjuwX

Rime
Character	咎
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	其九切
Baxter	gjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨuX/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡiuX/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiəuX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/guwX/
Li Rong	/ɡiuX/
Wang Li	/ɡĭəuX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/gi̯ə̯uX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gau6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ](r)uʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯwʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	咎
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiù
Middle Chinese	‹ gjuwX ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ](r)uʔ/
English	fault, blame (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	咎
Reading #	2/2
No.	6988
Phonetic component	咎
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	舅
Old Chinese	/*ɡɯwʔ/

Definitions

咎

1. fault; defect; error; mistake
2. calamity; misfortune
3. to blame; to punish; to find fault

Compounds

• 不咎既往 (bùjiùjìwǎng)
• 休咎
• 動輒得咎 / 动辄得咎
• 取咎
• 咎徵 / 咎征
• 咎悔
• 咎戾
• 咎由自取 (jiùyóuzìqǔ)
• 咎過 / 咎过
• 執咎 / 执咎
• 委咎
• 引咎 (yǐnjiù)
• 引咎自責 / 引咎自责
• 引咎責躬 / 引咎责躬
• 引咎辭職 / 引咎辞职
• 招咎
• 既往不咎 (jìwǎngbùjiù)
• 歸咎 / 归咎 (guījiù)
• 無咎無譽 / 无咎无誉
• 獲咎 / 获咎
• 盈滿之咎 / 盈满之咎
• 自取其咎 (zìqǔqíjiù)
• 自咎
• 降咎
• 難辭其咎 / 难辞其咎 (náncíqíjiù)

 

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gāo (gao¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄠ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gāo
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄠ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gao
    • Wade–Giles: kao¹
    • Yale: gāu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gau
    • Palladius: гао (gao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: kaw

Rime
Character	咎
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古勞切
Baxter	kaw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑu/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑu/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaw/
Li Rong	/kɑu/
Wang Li	/kɑu/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kɑu/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gāo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gou1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*kɯːw/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	咎
Reading #	1/2
No.	6983
Phonetic component	咎
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	髙
Old Chinese	/*kɯːw/

Definitions

咎

1. ^† Alternative form of 鼛 (gāo, “large drum”)
2. a surname
3. Alternative form of 皋 (gāo, “a surname”):

1. used in 咎繇

Compounds

• 咎繇 (Gāoyáo)

 

Japanese

Kanji

咎

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. fault
2. blame

Readings

• Go-on: ぐ (gu)、こう (kō)^{←かう (kau, historical)}
• Kan-on: きゅう (kyū)^{←きう (kiu, historical)}、こう (kō)^{←かう (kau, historical)}
• Kun: とが (toga, 咎)、とがめる (togameru, 咎める)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
咎
とが Hyōgai
kun'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 咎 – see the following entry.

【科とが】2 [noun] mistake, error [noun] crime, offense, wrongdoing [noun] fault, flaw

(This term, 咎, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja

咎 • (gu, go) (hangeul 구, 고, revised gu, go, McCune–Reischauer ku, ko)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

咎: Hán Việt readings: cữu

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.