U+5728, 在
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5728

[U+5727]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5729]
Commons:Category
Commons:Category
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Translingual

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Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 32, +3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 大中土 (KLG), four-corner 40214, composition 𠂇)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 224, character 18
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4881
  • Dae Jaweon: page 455, character 14
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 418, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+5728

Further reading

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Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming) Libian (compiled in Qing)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts Clerical script
             

Phonetic compound (OC *zlɯːʔ, *zlɯːs): phonetic (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs) + phonetic (OC *zrɯʔ).

Now phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *zlɯːʔ, *zlɯːs) : phonetic (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs) + semantic (earth).

was often visually identical to (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs, “sprout”) in the oracle bone script and some of the bronze inscriptions. It may be either a phonetic loan or a figurative derivative.

Etymology 1

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simp. and trad.
alternative forms

Probably related to (OC *ʔslɯː, “to plant”) (Schuessler, 2007).

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

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Note: de4 - modal particle.
Note:
  • Sixian:
    • chhai - literary;
    • chhôi - colloquial;
    • ti/tu/tui/to/chhi/thê/thî/tî/chhî/chhô/chhok - colloquial (probably substitute).
  • Meixian:
    • cai4 - literary;
    • coi1 - colloquial;
    • hoi1/hoi4 - colloquial (preposition, also written as or ).
Note:
  • do6 - colloquial;
  • zai6 - literary.
Note: Tone 4 for lects in which it is present are literary pronunciations.
Note:
  • dou5 - colloquial (preposition);
  • zai5 - colloquial;
  • zai4 - literary.

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /t͡sai⁵¹/
    Harbin /t͡sai⁵³/ ~早
    /t͡sai²¹³/ ~家
    Tianjin /tai⁵³/
    /t͡sai⁵³/
    Jinan /t͡sɛ²¹/
    Qingdao /t͡sɛ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /t͡sai³¹²/
    Xi'an /t͡sai⁴⁴/
    Xining /t͡sɛ²¹³/
    Yinchuan /t͡sɛ¹³/
    Lanzhou /t͡sɛ¹³/
    Ürümqi /t͡sai²¹³/
    Wuhan /t͡sai³⁵/
    Chengdu /t͡sai¹³/
    Guiyang /t͡sai²¹³/ 現~
    /tai²¹³/ ~家
    Kunming /t͡sæ²¹²/
    Nanjing /t͡sae⁴⁴/
    Hefei /t͡se̞⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡sai⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /t͡sæ³⁵/
    Hohhot /t͡sɛ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /ze²³/
    Suzhou /ze̞³¹/
    Hangzhou /d͡ze̞¹³/
    Wenzhou /ze³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /t͡sʰɛ³⁵/
    /t͡sʰɛ²²/
    Tunxi /t͡sʰə²⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /t͡sai⁵⁵/
    /t͡sai¹¹/
    /təu¹¹/ ~屋裡
    Xiangtan /d͡zai²¹/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰai²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰoi⁴⁴/
    /hoi⁴⁴/
    /t͡sʰai⁵³/
    Taoyuan /t͡sʰɑi⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sɔi²²/
    Nanning /t͡sɔi²²/
    Hong Kong /t͡sɔi²²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /t͡sai²²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /t͡sɑi²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /t͡sai⁴²/
    Shantou (Teochew) /t͡sai³⁵/
    /to³⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /t͡sai³³/
    /ʔdu³³/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Initial () (15) (15)
    Final () (41) (41)
    Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open Open
    Division () I I
    Fanqie
    Baxter dzojX dzojH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /d͡zʌiX/ /d͡zʌiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /d͡zəiX/ /d͡zəiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /d͡zɒiX/ /d͡zɒiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /d͡zəjX/ /d͡zəjH/
    Li
    Rong
    /d͡zᴀiX/ /d͡zᴀiH/
    Wang
    Li
    /d͡zɒiX/ /d͡zɒiH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren
    /d͡zʱɑ̆iX/ /d͡zʱɑ̆iH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    zài zài
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    zoi6 zoi6
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    zài
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ dzojX ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*[dz]ˁəʔ/
    English be at, be present

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 1064 1065
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0 0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*zlɯːʔ/ /*zlɯːs/

    Definitions

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    1. to exist; to be alive
        ―  Zài ma?  ―  Are you here?
    2. to be at; to be in; to be located
      哪裡哪里  ―  zài nǎlǐ?  ―  Where is he?
      旅館購物中心附近 [MSC, trad.]
      旅馆购物中心附近 [MSC, simp.]
      Lǚguǎn zài xīn gòuwù zhōngxīn fùjìn. [Pinyin]
      The hotel is located near the new shopping center.
      只塊只块 [Teochew]  ―  ua2 do6 zi2 go3. [Peng'im]  ―  I am here.
    3. be ...-ing; in the middle of doing something (indicating an action in progress)
      電視电视  ―  zài kàn diànshì.  ―  I'm watching TV.
      米飯米饭  ―  zài chī mǐfàn.  ―  He's eating rice.
      食飯食饭 [Teochew]  ―  ua2 do6 ziah8 beng7. [Peng'im]  ―  I am eating.
    4. (located) in; at
      中國中国  ―  Wǒ zhù zài Zhōngguó.  ―  I live in China.
      我們當地報紙廣告 [MSC, trad.]
      我们当地报纸广告 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒmen zài dāngdì bàozhǐ shàng dēng le yī zé guǎnggào. [Pinyin]
      We put an ad in the local paper.
      每天下午家裡工作 [MSC, trad.]
      每天下午家里工作 [MSC, simp.]
      Měitiān xiàwǔ tā zài jiālǐ gōngzuò. [Pinyin]
      Every afternoon he works at home.
        ―  zài Huá  ―  in China
        ―  zài  ―  in Japan
    5. during; in
      打算假期什麼 [MSC, trad.]
      打算假期什么 [MSC, simp.]
      Nǐ dǎsuàn zài jiàqī lǐ zuò shénme? [Pinyin]
      What do you plan to do during the holidays?
      日記生前未曾發表 [MSC, trad.]
      日记生前未曾发表 [MSC, simp.]
      Tā de rìjì zài tā shēngqián wèicéng fābiǎo guò. [Pinyin]
      His diary was not published during his lifetime.
    6. to lie in; to rest with
      人為人为  ―  shìzàirénwéi  ―  human effort can achieve everything;
      成功堅持成功坚持  ―  Chénggōng guì zài jiānchí.  ―  Perseverance is vital to success.
      自己 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
      Qù bù qù zài nǐ zìjǐ. [Pinyin]
      It's up to you whether to go or not.
    7. to be at the post
        ―  zàizhí  ―  to be on the job; to be at one's post
        ―  zài  ―  to be out of office
    8. Misspelling of (zài).
    9. a surname
    10. (Hokkien) steady
      [Hokkien, trad.]
      [Hokkien, simp.]
      From: https://sutian.moe.edu.tw/zh-hant/su/2128/
      chē khah chāi leh [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      Sit a little more steadily.
    11. (Singapore Hokkien) solid, confident, and collected under pressure; skilled
      [Hokkien]  ―  i chin chāi leh [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  He's so talented!
    Synonyms
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    • (to exist):
    • (in):
    • (during):
    • (steady):

    在穩在稳 (chāi-ún), 穩定稳定 (wěndìng)

    Compounds
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    Descendants

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    Sino-Xenic ():
    • Vietnamese: tại ()

    English: zai (skilled)

    Etymology 2

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    simp. and trad.

    Pronunciation

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    Definitions

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    1. (Hokkien) Alternative form of (at, in)

    References

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    Japanese

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    Kanji

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    (Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

    Readings

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    Compounds

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    Etymology 1

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    Kanji in this term
    ざい
    Grade: 5
    goon

    From Middle Chinese (MC dzojX|dzojH). Attested in compounds since at least the 900s.[1]

    Pronunciation

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    • (Tokyo) [záꜜì] (Atamadaka – [1])[2]pitch is specific to use as a standalone noun
    • IPA(key): [d͡za̠i]

    Affix

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    (ざい) (zai

    1. [from at least 900s] (as used in compounds) at, in, located

    Noun

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    (ざい) (zai

    1. [from 1569] Clipping of 在郷 (zaigō): countryside or outskirts

    Etymology 2

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    Kanji in this term
    あ(り)
    Grade: 5
    kun'yomi
    Alternative spelling
    (common)

    Alternative spelling for 有り (ari), the Classical and Old Japanese copula.

    Definitions

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    For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
    [noun] nominalization of 有る (aru): there is, available
    [noun] (colloquial) OK, acceptable
    [verb] stem or continuative conjugation of 有る (aru)
    [verb] Classical Japanese form of 有る (aru): to be, to exist
    Alternative spellings
    , 在り
    (This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    References

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    1. ^ ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
    2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean

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    Hanja

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    (eumhun 있을 (isseul jae))

    1. hanja form? of (exist)

    Compounds

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    Old Korean

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    Alternative forms

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    Verb

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    (*KYE-)

    1. to exist, to be at
      Synonym: 有叱 (*Is-)
    2. A common auxiliary verb or (more probably) verbal suffix, usually thought to denote the completive aspect, i.e. describing an action which has been completed and remains in such a state. An alternative but minority hypothesis holds that it honored the subject of the verb to a moderate degree, whereas (*-si) was more highly honorific.

    Usage notes

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    • In both senses, it appears to have been wholly supplanted by the Middle Korean stage by 有叱 (*Is-) > Middle Korean 잇다〮 (ìstá), which is already more common for the independent verbal sense in the early first millennium and is first attested as an auxiliary in 1262. The word is not found in Middle Korean outside the two derived terms given below.

    Reconstruction notes

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    • Conventionally read as *KYE- because Middle Korean Idu script manuals, which commonly preserve Old Korean readings, read this character as (kyen), which is clearly an inflected form with the realis gerund (-n).
    • Although Old Korean writing does not mark pitch, the Middle Korean reflexes show rising pitch, which are the result of a merger of a low-pitch and high-pitch syllable. This means that the Old Korean verb stem was not in fact monosyllabic *kye- but really consisted of two syllables. However, this original pronunciation cannot be reconstructed.

    Descendants

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    • Middle Korean: 겨〯시다〮 (kyěsìtá, to exist, to be at, honorific)
    • Middle Korean: 겨〯집 (kyěcìp, woman, literally stay-at-home)

    References

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    • 이승재 [iseungjae] (2001) “()() ()()()()() '()[겨]'에 대하여 [On the deferential marker -kye- in Old Korean idu]”, in Eomun yeon-gu, volume 29, number 4, pages 53—70
    • 남풍현 [nampunghyeon] (2004) “시상의 조동사 '在/𠂇/겨'의 발달' [The development of the aspectual auxiliary kye-]”, in Gugeo gukmunhak, volume 138, pages 5—34

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    : Hán Việt readings: tại
    : Nôm readings: tại

    1. in
      NODES
    Note 13