基督

Chinese

		phonetic
simp. and trad. (基督)		基	督

Etymology

First attested in the manuscripts of French Catholic missionary Jean Basset's (c. 1662–1707) Classical Chinese translation of the New Testament, and possibly abbreviated from the pre-existing translation 基利斯督. Although Basset's manuscripts were not widely circulated, they were consulted by British Protestant missionary Robert Morrison, who used 基督 in his own Chinese translations of the Bible in the early 19th century. The term 基督 subsequently gained popularity and replaced other tetrasyllabic translations of "Christ" (e.g. 基利斯督) in the mid-19th century.^[1]

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): Jīdū

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄉㄨ

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): Җидў (Židw, I-I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gei¹ duk¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): gei¹ uuk²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): Kî-tuk

(Meixian, Guangdong): gi¹ dug⁵
Northern Min (KCR): Gí-dŭ
Eastern Min (BUC): Gĭ-dók
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): Ki-tok

(Teochew, Peng'im): gi¹ dog⁴
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹ci-toq

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Jīdū
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄉㄨ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Jidu
  - Wade–Giles: Chi¹-tu¹
  - Yale: Jī-dū
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jidu
  - Palladius: Цзиду (Czidu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: Җидў (Židw, I-I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi²⁴ tu²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gei¹ duk¹
  - Yale: gēi dūk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gei¹ duk⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: géi¹ dug¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kei̯⁵⁵ tʊk̚⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: gei¹ uuk²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kei³³ ɵk̚⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Kî-tuk
  - Hakka Romanization System: gi^ˊ dug^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gi¹ dug⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /ki²⁴ tuk̚²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: gi¹ dug⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /ki⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʊk̚¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: Gí-dŭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki⁵⁴ tu²⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: Gĭ-dók
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^(t-)louʔ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ki-tok
  - Tâi-lô: Ki-tok
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ki'dog
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ki⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ki³³ tɔk̚⁵/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ki⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚³²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gi¹ dog⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ki tok
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki³³⁻²³ tok̚²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹ci-toq
  - MiniDict: ci^平 toh
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹ji-toq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕi⁵⁵ toʔ²¹/

Proper noun

基督

Christ
- 1837, “星宿”, in Karl Gützlaff, editor, 東西洋考每月統紀傳 [Eastern Western Monthly Magazine], page 168:
  
  當日，我救世主降生，有賢人自東方尋至猶太國，問其星之安在。有云：「吾在東方，曾見其星，今來伏拜之耳。」王聞言駭疑，暨京都之民皆然。故召祭司首人，並民中書士，議而問曰：「基督何生？」伊指其邑矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  当日，我救世主降生，有贤人自东方寻至犹太国，问其星之安在。有云：「吾在东方，曾见其星，今来伏拜之耳。」王闻言骇疑，暨京都之民皆然。故召祭司首人，并民中书士，议而问曰：「基督何生？」伊指其邑矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  Dāngrì, wǒ jiùshìzhǔ jiàngshēng, yǒu xiánrén zì dōngfāng xún zhì Yóutài guó, wèn qí xīng zhī ān zài. Yǒu yún: “Wú zài dōngfāng, céng jiàn qí xīng, jīn lái fú bài zhī ěr.” Wáng wén yán hàiyí, jì jīngdū zhī mín jiē rán. Gù zhào jìsī shǒu rén, bìng mín zhōng shūshì, yì ér wèn yuē: “Jīdū hé shēng?” Yī zhǐ qí yì yǐ. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Synonyms

Terms for Christ in different branches of Christianity

Branch	Words edit
Protestant	基督
Roman Catholic	基督
Eastern Orthodox	基督, 合利斯托斯 dated
Church of the East	彌施訶, 彌師訶

Derived terms

反基督 (fǎn-Jīdū, “antichrist”)
基督城 (Jīdūchéng)
基督徒 (Jīdūtú)
基督復臨安息日會／基督复临安息日会 (Jīdūfùlín'ānxīrìhuì)
基督教 (Jīdūjiào)
基督教徒 (Jīdūjiàotú)
基督教派
基督新教 (Jīdūxīnjiào)
基督聖體節／基督圣体节
基督論／基督论 (jīdūlùn)
敵基督／敌基督 (dí-Jīdū)
耶穌基督／耶稣基督 (Yēsū Jīdū)

References

^ 松田裕 (1982) “宛字「基督」考”, in 国語学, pages 44–51

Japanese

Kanji in this term
基	督
キリスト
Grade: 5 (ateji)	Grade: S (ateji)
jukujikun

Etymology

Imported by Jesuit scribes from Jesuit translations into Chinese,^[1] coined originally in Chinese texts as an abbreviation of transcription 基利斯督 (originally Kirishito in Japanese phonology, later shifting in Japanese to Kirisuto).^[1] First attested in the 1590s.^[1]

This spelling was standard until roughly the mid-Meiji era (1890s), since which time the katakana spelling キリスト has become more common.^[1]

Definitions

For pronunciation and definitions of 基督 – see the following entry.

【キリスト】

[proper noun] Christ

(This term, 基督, is an alternative spelling (ateji) of the above term.)

Descendants

→ Korean: 기독 (Gidok)
→ Vietnamese: Cơ đốc

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 “基督”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

Korean

Hanja in this term
基	督

Proper noun

基督 • (Gidok) (hangeul 기독)

hanja form^? of 기독 (“Christ”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
基	督

Proper noun

基督

chữ Hán form of Cơ đốc (“Christ”).

[1] 松田裕 (1982) “宛字「基督」考”, in 国語学, pages 44–51

[KDJ-c-2] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 “基督”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[1]

[1]