天竺

Chinese

	phonetic
trad. (天竺)	天	竺
simp. ^#(天竺)	天	竺
alternative forms	天篤／天笃天毒天督身毒捐毒天篤／天笃天毒天督身毒捐毒賢豆／贤豆

Wikipedia has articles on:

天竺 (Written Standard Chinese^?)
天竺 (Cantonese)
Thian-tiok (Southern Min)
Tianzhu (India) (English)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Tiānzhú

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢㄓㄨˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): tin¹ zuk¹
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Thian-tiok
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹thi-tsoq

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Tiānzhú
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢㄓㄨˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Tianjhú
  - Wade–Giles: Tʻien¹-chu²
  - Yale: Tyān-jú
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Tianjwu
  - Palladius: Тяньчжу (Tjanʹčžu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: tin¹ zuk¹
  - Yale: tīn jūk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tin¹ dzuk⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: tin¹ zug¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sʊk̚⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Thian-tiok
  - Tâi-lô: Thian-tiok
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tiendiog
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɛn³³ tiɔk̚⁵/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔk̚³²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹thi-tsoq
  - MiniDict: thi^平 tsoh
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹thi-tsoq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰi⁵⁵ t͡soʔ²¹/

Middle Chinese: then trjuwk

Rime
Character	天	竺
Reading #	1/1	2/3
Initial (聲)	透 (6)	知 (9)
Final (韻)	先 (85)	屋 (4)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	III
Fanqie	他前切	張六切
Baxter	then	trjuwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰen/	/ʈɨuk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰen/	/ʈiuk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰɛn/	/ȶiuk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰɛn/	/ʈuwk̚/
Li Rong	/tʰen/	/ȶiuk̚/
Wang Li	/tʰien/	/ȶĭuk̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tʰien/	/ȶi̯uk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tiān	zhu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tin¹	zuk¹

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*qʰl'iːn tuɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	天	天
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tiān	xiān
Middle Chinese	‹ then ›	‹ xen ›
Old Chinese	/*l̥ˁi[n]/	/l̥ˁi[n]/ (W dialect: l̥ˁ- > Hàn-time xˁ- > MC x-)
English	heaven	heaven
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	天	竺
Reading #	1/1	3/3
No.	12387	17589
Phonetic component	天	竹
Rime group	眞	覺
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	天	竹
Old Chinese	/*qʰl'iːn/	/*tuɡ/
Notes		天竺譯hinduka

Etymology 1

First recorded use in the Book of Later Han, compiled in the 5th century. Itself a transcription of Old Persian [script needed] (*Hinduka-) (Pulleyblank, 1962, Coblin, 1983), hypocoristic of 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (hiⁿduš, “people living beyond the Indus”). Compare 身毒 (Juāndú).

Proper noun

天竺

(～國) (archaic) India

Synonyms

身毒 (Juāndú), 賢豆／贤豆 (Xiándòu), 狷篤／狷笃, 乾篤／干笃, (modern) 印度 (Yìndù)

Derived terms

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (天竺):

→ Japanese: 天(てん)竺(じく) (tenjiku)
→ Okinawan: 天(てぃん)竺(じく) (tinjiku)
→ Korean: 천축(天竺) (cheonchuk)
→ Vietnamese: Thiên Trúc (天竺)

Etymology 2

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Per 《北京市顺义县地名志》:

In Liao dynasty, there is a place named 天柱莊:

https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B740: 順州，歸化軍，中，刺史。……城東北有華林、天柱二莊，遼建涼殿，春賞花，夏納涼。

In Qing dynasty, the village is renamed to 天竺, since they have similar pronunciation.

Proper noun

天竺

(～地區) Tianzhu Area (an area in Shunyi District, Beijing, China)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
天	竺
てん Grade: 1	じく Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) てんじく [téꜜǹjìkù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [tẽ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑikɯ̟]

Etymology 1

/tendiku/ → /tend͡ʑiku/

From Middle Chinese 天竺 (MC then trjuwk), a transcription from either of the following:

Old Persian *Hind-uka ("people living beyond the Indus") an alternative of *Hinduš (“Indus, people of the Indus”)
Sanskrit सिन्धु (Sindhu, “the country of the Indus river, India (later, after Herodotus)”)^[3]

First mentioned in the 後漢書 (Gokansho, “Book of the Later Han”), in volume 88, the 西域伝 (Saiiki Den, “Treatise on the Western Regions”).

Proper noun

天(てん)竺(じく) • (Tenjiku) ^{←てんぢく (Tendiku)^?}

(archaic) India

Synonyms

インド (Indo)
身(しん)毒(どく) (Shindoku)

Prefix

天(てん)竺(じく) • (Tenjiku) ^{←てんぢく (tendiku-)^?}

foreign or exotic
overly spicy or hot

Usage notes

The prefix senses appear to have arisen after European traders arrived in Japan, by way of India.^[3]

Derived terms

天(てん)竺(じく)葵(あおい) (Tenjiku aoi): an “Indian hollyhock or mallow” → a geranium
天(てん)竺(じく)織(おり) (tenjiku ori): “Indian weaving” → a kind of thick woven cloth featuring various designs of birds, people, and other motifs
天(てん)竺(じく)花(か) (Tenjiku ka): an “Indian flower” → alternate for 萩 (hagi, “bush clover”)
天(てん)竺(じく)楽(がく) (Tenjiku gaku): “Indian music” → those pieces of 雅楽 (gagaku, “ancient court music”) originating from India
天(てん)竺(じく)鮫(ざめ) (Tenjiku-zame): an “Indian shark” → a wobbegong, a shark of family Orectolobidae
天(てん)竺(じく)鯛(だい) (Tenjiku-dai): an “Indian sea bream” → a kind of cardinalfish, Apogon lineatus
天(てん)竺(じく)茄子(なすび) (Tenjiku nasubi): “Indian eggplant” → alternate for 朝鮮朝顔 (Chōsen asagao, literally “Korean morning glory”): the devil's trumpet or metel, Datura metel
天(てん)竺(じく)鼠(ねずみ) (Tenjiku nezumi): an “Indian rat” → a guinea pig, a cavy
天(てん)竺(じく)醤(ひしお) (Tenjiku hishio): “Indian sauce” → a kind of spicy uncooked miso
天(てん)竺(じく)菩(ぼ)提(だい)樹(じゅ) (Tenjiku bodaiju): “Indian linden tree” → the bodhi tree, Ficus religiosa
天(てん)竺(じく)牡(ぼ)丹(たん) (Tenjiku botan): an “Indian peony” → a dahlia
天(てん)竺(じく)豆(まめ) (Tenjiku mame): “Indian bean” → alternate for 八升豆 (hasshō mame): the velvet bean, Mucuna pruriens
天(てん)竺(じく)守(まもり) (Tenjiku mamori): “Indian protector, Indian charm” → alternate for 八房 (yatsubusa), the fasciculatum variety of Capsicum annuum (chili pepper)
天(てん)竺(じく)味(み)噌(そ) (Tenjiku miso): “Indian miso” → spicy miso
天(てん)竺(じく)木(も)綿(めん) (Tenjiku momen): “Indian cotton” → thickly woven cotton sheeting
天(てん)竺(じく)様(よう) (Tenjiku yō): “Indian style” → a style of Buddhist temple architecture imported from the Southern Song Dynasty during the Kamakura period

Etymology 2

By extension from the 天 character (“sky, heavens”), and possibly by association with the Himalayas.

Noun

天(てん)竺(じく) • (tenjiku)

the sky, the heavens
a high place, the top of something, a summit

Derived terms

天(てん)竺(じく)豆(まめ) (tenjiku mame): “sky bean” → alternate for 空豆 (sora mame): the broad bean or fava bean, Vicia faba
天(てん)竺(じく)浪(ろう)人(にん) (tenjiku rōnin): a vagrant, a wanderer (The 天竺 portion of this term is purely slang, a play on the term 逐電 (chikuden, “running away, absconding”, literally “chasing lightning”).)

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
天	竺

Proper noun

天竺 • (Cheonchuk) (hangeul 천축)

hanja form^? of 천축 (“India”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
天	竺

Proper noun

天竺

chữ Hán form of Thiên Trúc (“India”).

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[SMK5-2] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[KDJ-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

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