寒天

Chinese

		cold; poor; to tremble	day; sky; heaven
simp. and trad. (寒天)		寒	天

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hántiān

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˊ ㄊㄧㄢ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hon⁴ tin¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): hòn-thiên

(Hailu, HRS): hon tien^ˋ

(Meixian, Guangdong): hon² tiên¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kôaⁿ-thiⁿ

(Teochew, Peng'im): guan⁵ tin¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hántiān
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ ㄊㄧㄢ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hántian
  - Wade–Giles: han²-tʻien¹
  - Yale: hán-tyān
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harntian
  - Palladius: ханьтянь (xanʹtjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xän³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hántiānr
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ ㄊㄧㄢㄦ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hántianr
  - Wade–Giles: han²-tʻien¹-ʼrh
  - Yale: hán-tyānr
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harntial
  - Palladius: ханьтяньр (xanʹtjanʹr)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xän³⁵ tʰi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hon⁴ tin¹
  - Yale: hòhn tīn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hon⁴ tin¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: hon⁴ tin¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːn²¹ tʰiːn⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hòn-thiên
  - Hakka Romanization System: hon^ˇ tien^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hon² tian¹
  - Sinological IPA: /hon¹¹ tʰi̯en²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: hon tien^ˋ
  - Sinological IPA: /hon⁵⁵ tʰien⁵³/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: hon² tiên¹
  - Sinological IPA: /hɔn¹¹ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kôaⁿ-thiⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kuânn-thinn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kvoa'tvy
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kuã²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kuã²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kuã¹³⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kuã²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰĩ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuã²³⁻³³ tʰĩ⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: guan⁵ tin¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kuâⁿ thiⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kũã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰĩ³³/

Noun

寒天

chilly weather; cold weather
(Hakka, Eastern Min, Southern Min, Puxian Min, Wu) winter
Alternative name for 洋菜 (yángcài, “agar; agar-agar: vegetable gelatine”).

Usage notes

This is a more colloquial way to say “winter” than 冬天 (tang-thiⁿ) in Min Nan.

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 冬天 (“winter”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		冬, 冬日
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		冬天, 冬季, 冬日
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	冬天
	Taiwan	冬天
	Chengde	冬天
	Chifeng	冬天
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	冬天
	Heihe	冬天
	Qiqihar	冬天
	Harbin	冬天
	Wuchang (Yingchengzi)	冬天
	Jiamusi	冬天
	Baicheng	冬天
	Changchun	冬天
	Tonghua	冬天
	Shenyang	冬天
	Jinzhou	冬天
	Singapore	冬天
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	冬天, 冬底下
	Tangshan	冬天
	Cangzhou	冬天
	Xianxian (Xiaoying)	冬天
	Baoding	冬天
	Shijiazhuang	冬天
	Lijin	冬天
	Jinan	冬天
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	冬天, 冬季天兒
	Dandong	冬天
	Yantai	冬天
	Yantai (Muping)	冬天, 冬季天兒
	Qingdao	冬天, 臘月天兒
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	冬天
	Lingbao	冬天
	Jining	冬天
	Daming	冬天
	Wanrong	冬間
	Linfen	冬天
	Shangqiu	冬天
	Yuanyang	冬天
	Zhengzhou	冬天
	Xinyang	冬天
	Baihe	冬天, 九天, 九裡頭
	Xi'an	冬天, 冬裡
	Dingbian	冬天, 冬裡
	Baoji	冬天, 寒天, 冬上
	Tianshui	冬天
	Xining	冬天
	Xuzhou	冷天, 冬天, 寒裡
	Fuyang	冬天
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	冬天
	Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan)	冬天
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	冬天
	Yongning (Najiahu)	冬天, 冷天
	Lanzhou	冬天, 冬月天, 冷月天
	Dunhuang	冬天, 冬裡
	Hami	冬天
	Ürümqi	冬天
	Ürümqi (Xigou)	冬天
	Ürümqi (Changshanzi)	冬天
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	冬天, 冬天家
	Nanchong	冬天, 寒天
	Dazhou	冷天
	Hanyuan	冬天, 冷天
	Xichang	冬天, 寒天
	Zigong	冬天, 冷天, 冬辰
	Chongqing	冬天, 冷天
	Wuhan	冬季, 冬天, 冷天, 冷季
	Yichang	冷天
	Xiangyang	冬天, 冷天裡
	Tianmen	冬天, 寒天, 冷天
	Guiyang	冬天, 冬天家, 寒天
	Zunyi	冬天
	Bijie	冷天家
	Liping	冬天
	Zhaotong	冬天
	Dali	冬天
	Kunming	冬天
	Mengzi	冬天
	Guilin	冬天
	Pingle	寒天, 寒冷天, 冬月天
	Liuzhou	冬天, 冷天
	Nanning (Wuming)	冬天, 冷天, 北風天
	Hechi (Yizhou)	冬天, 冷天
	Luocheng (Dongmen)	冬天, 冷天
	Tianlin (Langping)	冬天
	Jishou	冬天, 冷天
	Changde	冬天
	Hanzhong	冬天
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	冷天
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	冷天, 冬天
	Yangzhou	冷天, 冬寒天, 冬天, 寒裡
	Lianyungang	冬天, 寒天, 寒裡
	Lianshui	冬天, 寒裡頭
	Nantong	寒天
	Anqing	冬天, 冷天
	Wuhu	冬天
	Hefei	冬天
	Hong'an	冬天道, 冷天道
Cantonese	Guangzhou	冬天, 冷天
	Hong Kong	冬天, 凍天
	Taishan	冷天
	Taishan (Guanghai)	冬天
	Kaiping (Chikan)	冷天
	Dongguan	冬天
	Nanning	冷天
	Wuzhou	冷天
	Yulin	天冷天
	Guiping (Jiangkou)	冷天, 冬天
	Guiping (Madong)	冬天, 北風天
	Baise	冷天
	Mandalay (Taishan)	冬天
Gan	Nanchang	冬天
	Pengze	冬下天
	Lichuan	冷天
	Pingxiang	冷天, 冬下裡
Hakka	Meixian	冬天, 冬下, 冬下頭, 寒天, 冷天
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	冷天
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	冷天
	Wuhua (Changbu)	冬下晨
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	冷天
	Liancheng (Peitian)	冬下
	Yudu	冬下
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	寒天, 冷天, 冬下頭
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	寒天, 冷天, 冬下頭
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	寒天, 冷天, 冬下頭, 冬下時
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	寒天, 冬下頭
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	寒天, 冬下頭, 冬下時
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	寒天, 冬天
	Bobai (Shahe)	冬天
	Bobai (Longtan)	冬天
	Bobai (Lingping)	冷天
	Beiliu (Gonghe, Xilang)	冬天
	Xingye (Gaofeng)	冬下天
	Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui)	冬天
	Pingle (Tong'an)	冬天
	Yangshuo (Jinbao)	冬天, 冬下
	Sabah (Longchuan)	冬天, 冬季
	Pontianak (Meixian)	冷天
Huizhou	Jixi	下冬, 冬場子, 冬場下
Huizhou	Shexian	冬天
Jin	Taiyuan	冬天
	Yangyuan	冬天, 冬末寒天
	Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou)	冬天, 冬哩
	Xinzhou	冬天, 冬金天, 冬兒, 冬景天
	Lüliang (Lishi)	冬天
	Changzhi	冬天
	Linhe	冬天, 冬天裡
	Jining	冬天
	Hohhot	冬天
	Erenhot	冬天
	Pingshan	冬天
	Zhangjiakou	冬天
	Handan	冬天
	Linzhou	冬天
	Suide	冬裡
Northern Min	Jian'ou	冬天
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	凊天, 冬天
	Fuzhou (Changle)	凊天
	Fuqing	凊天, 冬天
	Yongtai	凊天
	Gutian	寒天
	Fu'an	寒天
	Ningde	寒天
	Shouning	寒天
	Zhouning	寒天
	Fuding	寒天
	Matsu	冬天
Southern Min	Xiamen	冬天, 寒天, 寒冬, 寒儂
	Quanzhou	冬天, 寒天, 寒儂
	Yongchun	寒天, 冬天
	Zhangzhou	冬天, 寒天, 寒冬
	Zhao'an	寒天, 冬天
	Dongshan	寒天, 冬天
	Taipei	冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	冬仔, 寒天
	Kaohsiung	冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
	Yilan	冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
	Changhua (Lukang)	冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
	Taichung	冬天, 寒天
	Tainan	冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
	Hsinchu	冬天, 寒天儂
	Kinmen	冬天, 寒天
	Penghu (Magong)	冬天, 寒天
	Penang (Hokkien)	冬天
	Singapore (Hokkien)	寒天
	Manila (Hokkien)	寒儂
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	寒天, 在冬
	Guilin (Biyange)	冬天
	Pingle (Zhoutang)	寒天, 冷天, 冬月天
	Shantou	冬天時, 凝天時
	Shantou (Chenghai)	凝天時, 凊天時, 凊天
	Jieyang	冬天時, 凝天時, 寒天時
	Haifeng	凝天時, 凊天時, 冬天時
	Leizhou	冬天
	Haikou	冬季
	Qionghai	寒天
Puxian Min	Putian	寒天, 冬天
Central Min	Yong'an	冬天
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	冬季
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Wutong, Lingui)	冬天, 冷天
	Guilin (Liutang, Lingui)	冬天
	Lingchuan (Sanjie)	冷天, 冬天
	Lingchuan (Shuangzhou)	冬天
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	冬天
Wu	Shanghai	冬天, 冷天, 冬場裡, 寒場裡
	Shanghai (Chongming)	寒天, 寒場裡, 寒裡
	Suzhou	冬天, 冷天, 寒天
	Danyang	冬天, 冬天頭, 冬季
	Hangzhou	冬天
	Ningbo	冬天價, 冬天
	Wenzhou	天色冷, 十二月
	Jinhua	冬天
	Jinhua (Tangxi)	冬裡
Xiang	Changsha	冬天, 冷天
	Loudi	冬天
	Quanzhou	冬天

Derived terms

寒天衫

Japanese

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

寒天

Wikipedia ^ja

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Agar

Wikipedia

寒天 (kanten): “ice mochi” made of sweetened agar.

Kanji in this term
寒	天
かん Grade: 3	てん Grade: 1
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かんてん [kàńtéꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [3])^[1]
(Tokyo) かんてん [kàńtéń] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [kã̠ntẽ̞ɴ]

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese compound 寒天 (MC han then). Compare the modern Hakka hòn-thiên or Min Nan kôaⁿ-thiⁿ.

Noun

寒(かん)天(てん) • (kanten)

cold weather
a wintry sky

Synonyms

寒空(さむぞら) (samuzora)

Etymology 2

Kanten was discovered in roughly 1658 by innkeeper 美濃太郎左衛門 (Mino Tarōzaemon) after discarding some 心太 (tokoroten, “a kind of jelly-like noodle made from boiled seaweed extract”) outside, and noticing that it had gelled overnight in the winter weather and then dried to a white powder over the next few days. According to various sources, the substance was called 寒天 by taking the first and last elements of the phrase 寒晒(し)心太 (kan-zarashi tokoroten), literally “cold-exposed tokoroten”.^[2]^[3]

Noun

寒(かん)天(てん) • (kanten)

agar, agar-agar: vegetable gelatine

Derived terms

寒天紙(かんてんがみ) (kantengami): a thin sheet of dried kanten, used to add gloss to woven textiles and as decoration for women's braided hairstyles
寒天草(かんてんぐさ) (kantengusa): alternate name for 天草(てんぐさ) (tengusa), a sea vegetable from which kanten is made
寒天織(かんてんしき) (kanten shiki): gelatinous connective tissue, a type of connective tissue found in invertebrate animals and in the early stages of vertebrate animal development
寒天培養基(かんてんばいようき) (kanten baiyōki): agar culture medium
寒天版(かんてんばん) (kantenban): an agar printing plate used for printmaking, basically identical to a gelatin printing plate

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ 2014, 女性におすすめのダイエット食と健康食 (Josei ni Osusume no Daietto Shoku to Kenkō Shoku, “Diet and Health Foods Recommended for Women”) (in Japanese), All About staff editors, Tōkyō: All About.
Text may be viewable at Google Books here.
^ 2006, 日本料理事物起源 (Nihon Ryōri Jibutsu Kigen, “The Origins of Japanese Cuisine Items”) (in Japanese), Kōzō Kawakami and Masahiro Koide, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten.
A text snippet may be viewable at Google Books here.

Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

[DJR-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[2] 2014, 女性におすすめのダイエット食と健康食 (Josei ni Osusume no Daietto Shoku to Kenkō Shoku, “Diet and Health Foods Recommended for Women”) (in Japanese), All About staff editors, Tōkyō: All About.
Text may be viewable at Google Books here.

[3] 2006, 日本料理事物起源 (Nihon Ryōri Jibutsu Kigen, “The Origins of Japanese Cuisine Items”) (in Japanese), Kōzō Kawakami and Masahiro Koide, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten.
A text snippet may be viewable at Google Books here.

[1]

[2]

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