層

See also: 层

層 U+5C64, 層 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5C64 ← 屣 [U+5C63] CJK Unified Ideographs 履 → [U+5C65]

層 U+FA3B, 層 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA3B ← 墨 [U+FA3A] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 屮 → [U+FA3C]

Translingual

Traditional	層
Simplified	层
Japanese	層
Korean	層

Han character

層 (Kangxi radical 44, 尸+12 in Chinese, 尸+11 in Japanese, 15 strokes in Chinese, 14 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 尸金田日 (SCWA), four-corner 7726₆, composition ⿸尸曾(GHTKV or U+FA3B) or ⿸尸曽(J))

Derived characters

• 𡃆, 𡒸, 𡾓, 𪴕, 𭣃, 𮜠, 𥶰

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 303, character 40
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7798
• Dae Jaweon: page 601, character 34
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 981, character 3
• Unihan data for U+5C64

• Unihan data for U+FA3B

Chinese

trad.		層
simp.		层
alternative forms		曾

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 層
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (曾) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
潧	*ʔsrɯn
繒	*ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯŋ
增	*ʔsɯːŋ, *ʔsɯːŋs
憎	*ʔsɯːŋ
磳	*ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯŋ
曾	*ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ
矰	*ʔsɯːŋ
罾	*ʔsɯːŋ
熷	*ʔsɯːŋ
竲	*ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯŋ
橧	*ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯŋ
譄	*ʔsɯːŋ
蹭	*sʰɯːŋs
層	*zɯːŋ
贈	*zɯːŋs
僧	*sɯːŋ
鬙	*sɯːŋ
甑	*ʔsɯŋs
鄫	*zɯŋ
驓	*zɯŋ
嶒	*zɯŋ
噌	*sʰɯːŋ
鏳	*zrɯːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zɯːŋ) : semantic 尸 + phonetic 曾 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ).

Etymology

The Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstruction suggests this word is derived from 增 (OC *s-tˤəŋ, “to increase, to expand, to add”), in turn derived from 登 (OC *tˤəŋ, “to go up, to climb”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): céng (ceng²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄘㄥˊ

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): цын (cɨn, I)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): cang⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhèn
• Northern Min (KCR): cǎing
• Eastern Min (BUC): cèng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): chn̂g / chêng / chân / chàn

  (Teochew, Peng'im): zang⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶zen

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: céng
    • Zhuyin: ㄘㄥˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: céng
    • Wade–Giles: tsʻêng²
    • Yale: tséng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tserng
    • Palladius: цэн (cɛn)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɤŋ³⁵/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: цын (cɨn, I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰəŋ²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: cang⁴
    • Yale: chàhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tsang⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ceng⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɐŋ²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhèn
    • Hakka Romanization System: cen^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: cen²
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰen¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cǎing
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡saiŋ²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: cèng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɛiŋ⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chn̂g
    • Tâi-lô: tsn̂g
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zngg
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sŋ̍²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chêng
    • Tâi-lô: tsîng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zeeng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ¹³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chân
    • Tâi-lô: tsân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zaan
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡san²³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡san¹³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /t͡san²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chàn
    • Tâi-lô: tsàn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zaxn
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡san¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡san²¹/

Note:

• chân - classifier;
• chàn - story/level, 棧 is also used.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: zang⁵
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsâng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡saŋ⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶zen
    • MiniDict: zen^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³zen
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zən²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: dzong

Rime
Character	層
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	從 (15)
Final (韻)	登 (129)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	昨楞切
Baxter	dzong
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡zəŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡zəŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡zəŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡zəŋ/
Li Rong	/d͡zəŋ/
Wang Li	/d͡zəŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/d͡zʱəŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	céng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	cang4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-s-tˤəŋ/, /*m-s-tˤəŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*zɯːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	層	層
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	céng	céng
Middle Chinese	‹ dzong ›	‹ dzong ›
Old Chinese	/*N-s-tˁəŋ/	/*m-s-tˁəŋ/
English	in two storeys, double	additional floor, field
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	層
Reading #	1/1
No.	16626
Phonetic component	曾
Rime group	蒸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*zɯːŋ/

Definitions

層

1. to pile up; to overlap
2. thing made of layers
3. layer; storey; floor; stratum
4. Classifier for things arranged in layers, storeys or levels.
5. (Southern Min) Classifier for events.

Synonyms

• 樓／楼 (lóu)
• 樓層／楼层 (lóucéng)
• (storey): (Hokkien) 棧／栈 (chàn)

Compounds

• 一層／一层 (yīcéng)
• 一層天／一层天
• 三層／三层
• 下層／下层 (xiàcéng)
• 上層／上层 (shàngcéng)
• 三層仔／三层仔
• 三層肉／三层肉 (sāncéngròu)
• 下層階級／下层阶级
• 中層／中层 (zhōngcéng)
• 中氣層／中气层
• 中胚層／中胚层 (zhōngpēicéng)
• 九層塔／九层塔 (jiǔcéngtǎ)
• 傾移斷層／倾移断层
• 內層／内层
• 分層負責／分层负责
• 剝一層皮／剥一层皮
• 千層糕／千层糕 (qiāncénggāo)
• 千層麵／千层面 (qiāncéngmiàn)
• 卷層雲／卷层云 (juǎncéngyún)
• 向斜層／向斜层
• 同斜層／同斜层
• 同溫層／同温层 (tóngwēncéng)
• 含水層／含水层 (hánshuǐcéng)
• 單斜層／单斜层
• 土層／土层
• 地層／地层 (dìcéng)
• 地層下陷／地层下陷
• 基層／基层 (jīcéng)
• 基層建設／基层建设
• 基層組織／基层组织
• 基層行政／基层行政
• 塗層／涂层 (túcéng)
• 外層／外层 (wàicéng)
• 外胚層／外胚层 (wàipēicéng)
• 大氣層／大气层 (dàqìcéng)
• 大腦皮層／大脑皮层
• 大陸礁層／大陆礁层
• 夾層／夹层 (jiācéng)
• 夾層屋／夹层屋
• 密密層層／密密层层
• 密層層／密层层
• 對流層／对流层 (duìliúcéng)
• 層出不窮／层出不穷 (céngchūbùqióng)
• 層出疊見／层出叠见 (céngchūdiéxiàn)
• 層報／层报 (céngbào)
• 層壓／层压
• 層壓法／层压法
• 層密／层密
• 層層／层层 (céngcéng)
• 層層加碼／层层加码
• 層層深入／层层深入
• 層層疊疊／层层叠叠
• 層峰／层峰
• 層巒／层峦 (céngluán)
• 層巒疊嶂／层峦叠嶂
• 層序分明／层序分明
• 層態／层态
• 層林／层林 (cénglín)
• 層樓／层楼
• 層檀／层檀 (Céngtán)
• 層次／层次 (céngcì)
• 層次井然／层次井然
• 層次分明／层次分明
• 層流／层流 (céngliú)
• 層浪／层浪
• 層瀾／层澜
• 層理／层理
• 層甍／层甍
• 層疊／层叠 (céngdié)
• 層積法／层积法
• 層積雲／层积云 (céngjīyún)
• 層級／层级 (céngjí)
• 層臺／层台
• 層見疊出／层见叠出 (céngxiàndiéchū)
• 層遞／层递
• 層雲／层云 (céngyún)
• 層面／层面 (céngmiàn)
• 岩層／岩层
• 常溫層／常温层
• 平流層／平流层 (píngliúcéng)
• 平移斷層／平移断层
• 年齡層／年龄层
• 底層／底层 (dǐcéng)
• 形成層／形成层 (xíngchéngcéng)
• 恆溫層／恒温层
• 文化層／文化层
• 斜溫層／斜温层
• 斷層／断层 (duàncéng)
• 斷層掃描／断层扫描 (duàncéng sǎomiáo)
• 更上一層樓／更上一层楼 (gèngshàngyīcénglóu)
• 更上層樓／更上层楼
• 楞層／楞层
• 樓層／楼层 (lóucéng)
• 正斷層／正断层
• 氣密層／气密层
• 沖積層／冲积层
• 油層／油层
• 活斷層／活断层
• 洪積層／洪积层
• 海成層／海成层
• 混合層／混合层
• 游離層／游离层
• 炭層／炭层
• 煤層／煤层 (méicéng)
• 熱氣層／热气层
• 特權階層／特权阶层
• 疊嶺層巒／叠岭层峦
• 白千層／白千层
• 皮層／皮层
• 矽鎂層／矽镁层
• 礦層／矿层
• 稜層／棱层
• 綠皮層／绿皮层
• 胚層／胚层 (pēicéng)
• 背斜層／背斜层
• 胞間層／胞间层
• 臭氧層／臭氧层 (chòuyǎngcéng)
• 表土層／表土层
• 表層／表层 (biǎocéng)
• 角質層／角质层 (jiǎozhìcéng)
• 變溫層／变温层
• 逆溫層／逆温层
• 階層／阶层 (jiēcéng)
• 雙層／双层 (shuāngcéng)
• 雙層公路／双层公路
• 雙層公車／双层公车
• 雙層巴士／双层巴士 (shuāngcéng bāshì)
• 雨層雲／雨层云 (yǔcéngyún)
• 雲層／云层 (yúncéng)
• 頂層／顶层 (dǐngcéng)
• 頂層設計／顶层设计 (dǐngcéng shèjì)
• 高層人士／高层人士
• 高階層／高阶层
• 鳥糞層／鸟粪层

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (層):

• → Japanese: 層(そう) (sō)
• → Korean: 층(層) (cheung)

Others:

• → Vietnamese: tầng

References

• “層”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• “Entry #11042”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

Japanese

Shinjitai	層
Kyūjitai	層 層 or 層+︀?
	層󠄁 層+󠄁? (Adobe-Japan1)
	層󠄃 層+󠄃? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

層

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 層)

1. layer, level

Readings

• Go-on: ぞう (zō)^{←ぞう (zou, historical)}
• Kan-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)^{←そう (sou, historical)}
• Kun: かさなる (kasanaru, 層なる)、こし (koshi, 層)

Synonyms

• 階(かい)層(そう) (kaisō)
• 段(だん)階(かい) (dankai)

Korean

Hanja

層 (eum 층 (cheung))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

層: Hán Việt readings: tằng
層: Nôm readings: tàng, tầng, từng

1. Nôm form of tầng (“layer; storey; floor”).