徒

See also: 徙

徒 U+5F92, 徒 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F92 ← 徑 [U+5F91] CJK Unified Ideographs 従 → [U+5F93]

Translingual

Han character

徒 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 竹人土卜人 (HOGYO), four-corner 2428₁, composition ⿰彳走)

Derived characters

• 𠻀, 𢲛, 𣺺, 𪼊, 𱼓, 𦪂, 𨃝, 蓗, 𥱰, 𮐓, 𭕫, 𤸭, 𭄂

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 367, character 22
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10121
• Dae Jaweon: page 691, character 5
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 823, character 3
• Unihan data for U+5F92

Chinese

simp. and trad.		徒
alternative forms		𢓂 𨑒 𨑡 𢔗 𣥲 𢓂 𨑒 𨑡 𢔗 𣥲 𧺔 𧺑 𬾉 𠫠 𠫮

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 徒
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Small seal script: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aː) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 土 (OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ). Later corrupted into 彳 + 走.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): tú (tu²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): tu²

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): tou⁴

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): hu³

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thù
• Jin (Wiktionary): tu¹
• Northern Min (KCR): dǔ
• Eastern Min (BUC): dù
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dou²
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): tô͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): tu⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶du

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: tú
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: tú
    • Wade–Giles: tʻu²
    • Yale: tú
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twu
    • Palladius: ту (tu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: tu²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu²¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: tou⁴
    • Yale: tòuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tou⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: tou⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰou̯²¹/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: hu³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hu²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thù
    • Hakka Romanization System: tu^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: tu²
    • Sinological IPA: /tʰu¹¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: tu¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰu¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dǔ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: dù
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu⁵³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian, Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: dou²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔu¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tô͘
    • Tâi-lô: tôo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: doo
    • IPA (Xiamen): /tɔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔ¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tɔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔ²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: tu⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thû
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶du
    • MiniDict: du^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³du
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /du²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: du

Rime
Character	徒
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	同都切
Baxter	du
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duo/
Pan Wuyun	/duo/
Shao Rongfen	/do/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dɔ/
Li Rong	/do/
Wang Li	/du/
Bernhard Karlgren	/dʱuo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tou4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ˤa/

  (Zhengzhang): /*l'aː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	徒
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tú
Middle Chinese	‹ du ›
Old Chinese	/*[d]ˁa/
English	go on foot
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	徒
Reading #	1/1
No.	12494
Phonetic component	徒
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	徒
Old Chinese	/*l'aː/

Definitions

徒

1. to be on foot

   • 以吾從大夫之後，不可徒行也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     以吾从大夫之后，不可徒行也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Yǐ wú cóng dàfū zhīhòu, bùkě tú xíng yě. [Pinyin]

     For, to follow in the rear of the great officers, it was not proper that I should walk on foot.

   • 顧見綦母先生，班白而徒行。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     顾见綦母先生，班白而徒行。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Western Jin, 魯褒, 錢神論

     Gù jiàn Qímǔ xiānshēng, bān bái ér tú xíng. [Pinyin]

     He saw Mr. Qimu, who had graying hair yet was travelling on foot.

2. foot soldier
3. disciple; follower; adherent
4. religious follower; apostle; worshipper
5. the likes of

   Synonym: friend

   • 聖人無常師：孔子師郯子、萇弘、師襄、老聃。郯子之徒，其賢不及孔子。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     圣人无常师：孔子师郯子、苌弘、师襄、老聃。郯子之徒，其贤不及孔子。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Han Yu, 師說 (shīshuō)

     Shèngrén wú cháng shī: Kǒngzǐ shī Tánzǐ, Chánghóng, Shīxiāng, Lǎodān. Tánzǐ zhī tú, qí xián bùjí kǒngzǐ. [Pinyin]

     The wise man does not have an invariable teacher: Confucius learned from Tanzi, Chang Hong, Shixiang, and Laozi. The likes of Tanzi are not more virtuous than Confucius.

6. prison sentence

   無期徒刑／无期徒刑  ―  wúqī tú xíng  ―  life imprisonment (literally, “Sentence of indefinite imprisonment”)

7. (derogatory) suffix for people with certain characteristics

   暴徒  ―  bàotú  ―  thug

   歹徒  ―  dǎitú  ―  ruffian

   • 走！復入言沛公，吾高陽酒徒也，非儒人也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     走！复入言沛公，吾高阳酒徒也，非儒人也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

     Zǒu! Fù rù yán Pèigōng, wú Gāoyáng jiǔtú yě, fēi rúrén yě. [Pinyin]

     Depart! Make haste! Go back in there and tell the Prince of Pei again that I am the Drunkard of Gaoyang; I'm no 'scholar!'

8. bare; plain

   徒跣  ―  túxiǎn  ―  barefoot

   徒手  ―  túshǒu  ―  with one's bare hands

9. merely; only; just

   • 徒善不足以為政，徒法不能以自行。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     徒善不足以为政，徒法不能以自行。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Tú shàn bùzú yǐ wéi zhèng, tú fǎ bùnéng yǐ zì xíng. [Pinyin]

     Virtue alone is not sufficient for the exercise of government; laws alone cannot carry themselves into practice.

   • 助之長者，揠苗者也。非徒無益，而又害之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     助之长者，揠苗者也。非徒无益，而又害之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Zhù zhī zhǎng zhě, yà miáo zhě yě. Fēi tú wúyì, ér yòu hài zhī. [Pinyin]

     They who assist it to grow long, pull out their corn. What they do is not only of no benefit to the nature, but it also injures it

10. in vain; unsuccessfully; to no avail

    徒勞／徒劳  ―  túláo  ―  to be futile

11. a surname

Compounds

• 上色徒弟
• 上首徒弟
• 不法之徒 (bùfǎzhītú)
• 不肖之徒
• 不逞之徒 (bùchěngzhītú)
• 丹徒布衣
• 亡命之徒 (wángmìngzhītú)
• 佞徒損友／佞徒损友
• 使徒 (shǐtú)
• 信徒 (xìntú)
• 僧徒 (sēngtú)
• 凶徒 (xiōngtú)
• 刁徒
• 匪徒 (fěitú)
• 十二使徒
• 博徒
• 叛徒 (pàntú)
• 司徒 (sītú)
• 吾徒
• 囚徒 (qiútú)
• 回教徒 (huíjiàotú)
• 大司徒
• 好事之徒
• 奸徒
• 好色之徒 (hàosèzhītú)
• 學徒／学徒 (xuétú)
• 學徒制／学徒制
• 學徒工／学徒工 (xuétúgōng)
• 宗徒 (zōngtú)
• 宗教徒 (zōngjiàotú)
• 家徒四壁 (jiātúsìbì)
• 家徒壁立
• 家徒甚殷
• 實繁有徒／实繁有徒
• 工徒
• 左徒
• 市井之徒 (shìjǐngzhītú)
• 師徒／师徒 (shītú)
• 帶徒弟／带徒弟
• 廝徒／厮徒
• 徒不上墓
• 徒亂人意／徒乱人意
• 徒兒／徒儿
• 徒兵
• 徒具
• 徒刑 (túxíng)
• 徒勞／徒劳 (túláo)
• 徒勞往返／徒劳往返
• 徒勞無功／徒劳无功 (túláowúgōng)
• 徒勞無益／徒劳无益
• 徒子徒孫／徒子徒孙 (túzǐtúsūn)
• 徒廢脣舌／徒废唇舌
• 徒弟 (túdì)
• 徒手 (túshǒu)
• 徒手操
• 徒搏
• 徒有其名 (túyǒuqímíng)
• 徒有虛名／徒有虚名 (túyǒuxūmíng)
• 徒杠
• 徒歌
• 徒步 (túbù)
• 徒步旅行
• 徒步當車／徒步当车
• 徒然 (túrán)
• 徒眾／徒众 (túzhòng)
• 徒行 (túxíng)
• 徒託空言／徒托空言
• 徒負虛名／徒负虚名
• 徒費無益／徒费无益
• 徒費脣舌／徒费唇舌
• 徒跣
• 徒陳空文／徒陈空文
• 徒隸／徒隶
• 息徒
• 惡徒／恶徒 (ètú)
• 授徒 (shòutú)
• 擔負公徒／担负公徒
• 教徒 (jiàotú)
• 斗筲之徒
• 暴徒 (bàotú)
• 有期徒刑 (yǒuqī túxíng)
• 木石為徒／木石为徒
• 株送徒
• 棍徒
• 歹徒 (dǎitú)
• 歹徒橫行／歹徒横行
• 法徒
• 清教徒 (qīngjiàotú)
• 滿徒／满徒
• 潑無徒／泼无徒
• 無徒／无徒
• 無期徒刑／无期徒刑 (wúqī túxíng)
• 無籍之徒／无籍之徒
• 煙波釣徒／烟波钓徒
• 狂徒 (kuángtú)
• 狐鼠之徒
• 生徒 (shēngtú)
• 登徒子 (dēngtúzǐ)
• 福不徒來／福不徒来
• 穴處之徒／穴处之徒
• 絳帳授徒／绛帐授徒
• 繁有徒
• 纓緌之徒／缨𮉫之徒
• 義徒／义徒
• 藝徒／艺徒
• 豪俠強徒／豪侠强徒
• 賭徒／赌徒 (dǔtú)
• 躍躍狂徒／跃跃狂徒
• 車徒／车徒
• 酒徒 (jiǔtú)
• 酒色之徒
• 釣徒／钓徒
• 門徒／门徒 (méntú)
• 非徒
• 章句之徒
• 饕餮之徒
• 馬齒徒增／马齿徒增
• 馬齒徒長／马齿徒长
• 騙徒／骗徒 (piàntú)
• 高徒 (gāotú)
• 高陽酒徒／高阳酒徒
• 鹽徒／盐徒
• 黨徒／党徒 (dǎngtú)

 

References

• “徒”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01288

Japanese

Kanji

徒

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

1. going on foot
2. empty-handed
3. useless, in vain
4. disciple
5. a party, a gang
6. criminal, penal servitude

Readings

• Go-on: ず (zu)^{←づ (du, historical)}
• Kan-on: と (to, Jōyō)
• Kun: いたずら (itazura)^{←いたづら (itadura, historical)}、あだ (ada)、かち (kachi, 徒)、かし (kashi, 徒)、ともがら (tomogara)、むだ (muda)
• Nanori: とも (tomo)

Compounds

Compounds

• 徒(と)競(きょう)走(そう) (tokyōsō)
• 徒(と)刑(けい) (tokei)
• 徒(と)行(こう) (tokō)
• 徒(と)死(し) (toshi)
• 徒(と)爾(じ) (toji)
• 徒(と)手(しゅ) (toshu)
• 徒(と)消(しょう) (toshō)
• 徒(と)渉(しょう) (toshō)
• 徒(と)食(しょく) (toshoku)
• 徒(と)跣(せん) (tosen)
• 徒(と)然(ぜん) (tozen)
• 徒(と)卒(そつ) (tosotsu)
• 徒(と)長(ちょう) (tochō)
• 徒(と)弟(てい) (totei)
• 徒(と)党(とう) (totō)
• 徒(と)輩(はい) (tohai)
• 徒(と)費(ひ) (tohi)
• 徒(と)歩(ほ) (toho)
• 徒(と)法(ほう) (tohō)
• 徒(と)労(ろう) (torō)
• 徒(と)論(ろん) (toron)
• 学(がく)徒(と) (gakuto)
• 奸(かん)徒(と), 姦(かん)徒(と) (kanto)
• 義(ぎ)徒(と) (gito)
• 逆(ぎゃく)徒(と) (gyakuto)
• 凶(きょう)徒(と), 兇(きょう)徒(と) (kyōto)
• 教(きょう)徒(と) (kyōto)
• 刑(けい)徒(と) (keito)
• 残(ざん)徒(と) (zanto)
• 使(し)徒(と) (shito)
• 緇(し)徒(と) (shito)
• 囚(しゅう)徒(と) (shūto)
• 宗(しゅう)徒(と) (shūto)
• 酒(しゅ)徒(と) (shuto)
• 信(しん)徒(と) (shinto)
• 生(せい)徒(と) (seito)
• 聖(せい)徒(と) (seito)
• 僧(そう)徒(と) (sōto)
• 賊(ぞく)徒(と) (zokuto)
• 檀(だん)徒(と) (danto)
• 博(ばく)徒(と) (bakuto)
• 叛(はん)徒(と) (hanto)
• 匪(ひ)徒(と) (hito)
• 仏(ぶっ)徒(と) (butto)
• 暴(ぼう)徒(と) (bōto)
• 門(もん)徒(と) (monto)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
徒
いたずら Grade: 4
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ita̠zɨɾa̠]

Adjective

徒(いたずら) • (itazura) ^{←いたづら (itadura)?†}-nari

1. useless, pointless, fruitless
2. unsatisfied because there is nothing to be; tasteless
3. in idleness

Noun

徒(いたずら) • (itazura) ^{←いたづら (itadura)?}

1. a kind of women's hairstyles in the late Edo period

Derived terms

• 徒(いたず)らに (itazura ni, “uselessly, pointlessly”)
• 悪戯(いたずら) (itazura, “prank, mischief”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
徒
あだ Grade: 4
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) あだ [àdáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
• IPA^(key): [a̠da̠]

Adjective

徒(あだ) • (ada) ^†-nari

1. useless, fruitless

   一度(いちど)限(かぎ)りの人生(じんせい)を徒(あだ)にしてしまう

   ichido kagiri no jinsei o ada ni shiteshimau

   to make one's one-time life gone ruined

2. (now rare) ephemeral, temporary
3. (now rare) fickle, frivolous
4. (now rare) slack, lukewarm
5. (historical, poetry) the term of the 蕉風俳諧(しょうふうはいかい) (shōfūhaikai, “Bashō style haikai”) to indicate innocent and humorous style

Derived terms

• 徒(あだ)になる (ada ni naru, “to backfire, to have a harmful result”)
• 徒花(あだばな) (adabana, “blossom that bear no fruit; things which being gorgeous in the pretence but worthless in actuality”)
• 徒徒(あだあだ)し (adaadashi)
• 徒(あだ)う (adau)
• 徒(あだ)く (adaku)
• 徒(あだ)げ (adage)
• 徒(あだ)し (adashi)
• 徒(あだ)つく (adatsuku)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
徒
かち Grade: 4
kun'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 徒 – see the following entry.

【かち】 [noun] 徒, 歩, 歩行, 徒歩: (dated) walking, going on foot [noun] 徒, 歩, 歩行, 徒歩, 徒士: (historical) a lower-level samurai who accompanies with the master in walking and goes on the beginning of the parade Alternative spellings 歩, 歩行, 徒歩, 徒士

(This term, 徒, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
徒
ただ Grade: 4
kun'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 徒 – see the following entry.

【ただタダ】 [noun] 徒, 只: ordinary, common, nothing special Alternative spelling 只 【ただ】 [adjective] 徒, 只: ordinary, simple [adjective] 徒, 只: nothing Alternative spelling 只

(This term, 徒, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
徒
むだ Grade: 4
kun'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 徒 – see the following entry.

【無駄むだ】 [adjective] useless, pointless; meaningless [adjective] wasteful [noun] uselessness; no good; being in vain; futility [noun] waste Alternative spelling ムダ

(This term, 徒, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 6

Kanji in this term
徒
と Grade: 4
kan'on

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) と [tóꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [to̞]

Noun

徒(と) • (to) 

1. fellows, same kind people; a set, a party, a gang

   Synonyms: 輩 (yakara), 輩 (tomogara)

Derived terms

• 口(こう)舌(ぜつ)の徒(と) (kōzetsu no to)
• 市(し)井(せい)の徒(と) (shisei no to)

Etymology 7

Kanji in this term
徒
ず Grade: 4
goon

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ず [zúꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [d͡zɨ]

Noun

徒(ず) • (zu) ^{←づ (du)?}

1. (historical) one of the punishments in the ancient Ritsuryō system; penal servitude

   Synonyms: 徒刑 (tokei), 懲役 (chōeki)

Derived terms

• 徒(ず)罪(ざい) (zuzai)
• 徒(ず)人(にん) (zunin)
• 流(る)徒(ず) (ruzu)

Etymology 8

Kanji in this term
徒
かし Grade: 4
kun'yomi

<kasi> → /kaɕi/

From an eastern dialectal form of Old Japanese. Cognate with Modern Japanese かち (kachi, “walking, going on foot”).

Noun

徒(かし) • (kashi) 

1. (Classical Japanese, dialectal) Obsolete form of かち (kachi): walking, going on foot
   • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4417:

     阿加胡麻乎(あかごまを)　夜麻努尓波賀志(やまのにはがし)　刀里加尓弖(とりかにて)　多麻能余許夜麻(たまのよこやま)　加志(かし)由加也良牟(ゆかやらむ) [Man'yōgana]

     赤駒(あかごま)を　山野(やまの)に放(はが)し　捕(と)りかにて　多摩(たま)の横山(よこやま)　徒(かし)ゆか遣(や)らむ [Modern spelling]

     <Akago₁ma wo yamano₁ ni pagasi to₁rikanite Tama no₂ yo₂ko₂yama kasi yuka yaramu>
     → Akagoma o yamano ni hagashi torikanite Tama no yokoyama kashi yuka yaramu

     Having our red horse pastured on the mountain field, but we couldn't catch it; so I'll send him, who'll go on foot through the mountains on the side of Tama.

   (The addition of quotations indicative of this usage is being sought:)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 徒 (MC du). Recorded as Middle Korean 도 (two) (Yale: two) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource

徒 (eumhun 무리 도 (muri do))

1. hanja form^? of 도 (“party; gang; group; disciple”)
2. hanja form^? of 도 (“going on foot”)
3. hanja form^? of 도 (“useless; in vain”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 신도 (信徒, sindo)
• 교도 (敎徒, gyodo)
• 도보 (徒步, dobo)
• 사도 (使徒, sado)
• 학도 (學徒, hakdo)
• 도로 (徒勞, doro)
• 폭도 (暴徒, pokdo)
• 생도 (生徒, saengdo)
• 문도 (門徒, mundo)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

徒: Hán Nôm readings: đồ

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.