急ぐ

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
急
いそ Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.^[1] Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *isonku. Appears to be root iso ("earnest? industrious?") + verb-forming suffix -gu of uncertain meaning. Cognate with archaic adjective 勤し (isoshi, “diligent, industrious, hard-working”) and modern verb 勤しむ (isoshimu, “to work diligently, industriously”),^[1] may also be related to adverb いそいそ (isoiso, “cheerfully, unreservedly”), verb 勇む (isamu, “to be in high spirits, to be encouraged”).

First attested as noun form isogi ("hurrying, rushing") in the Man'yōshū of 759.^[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) いそぐ [ìsóꜜgù] (Nakadaka – [2])^[2]^[3]^[4]
IPA^(key): [iso̞ɡɯ̟]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「急ぐ」

Stem forms
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形)	急ぐ	いそぐ	`[ìsóꜜgù]`
Imperative (命令形)	急げ	いそげ	`[ìsóꜜgè]`
Key constructions
Passive	急がれる	いそがれる	`[ìsógáréꜜrù]`
Causative	急がせる	いそがせる	`[ìsógáséꜜrù]`
Potential	急げる	いそげる	`[ìsógéꜜrù]`
Volitional	急ごう	いそごー	`[ìsógóꜜò]`
Negative	急がない	いそがない	`[ìsógáꜜnàì]`
Negative perfective	急がなかった	いそがなかった	`[ìsógáꜜnàkàttà]`
Formal	急ぎます	いそぎます	`[ìsógímáꜜsù]`
Perfective	急いだ	いそいだ	`[ìsóꜜìdà]`
Conjunctive	急いで	いそいで	`[ìsóꜜìdè]`
Hypothetical conditional	急げば	いそげば	`[ìsóꜜgèbà]`

Verb

急(いそ)ぐ • (isogu) intransitive godan (stem 急(いそ)ぎ (isogi), past 急(いそ)いだ (isoida))

[from late 800s] to hurry, to hasten, to rush, in order to get something done or to get somewhere
急(いそ)いで片(かた)付(づ)ける
isoide katazukeru
to clean up in a rush

急(いそ)ぐ • (isogu) transitive godan (stem 急(いそ)ぎ (isogi), past 急(いそ)いだ (isoida))

[from late 900s] to prepare or expedite something

Conjugation

Conjugation of "急ぐ" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	急が	いそが	isoga
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	急ぎ	いそぎ	isogi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	急ぐ	いそぐ	isogu
Rentaikei ("attributive")	急ぐ	いそぐ	isogu
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	急げ	いそげ	isoge
Meireikei ("imperative")	急げ	いそげ	isoge
Key constructions
Passive	急がれる	いそがれる	isogareru
Causative	急がせる急がす	いそがせるいそがす	isogaseru isogasu
Potential	急げる	いそげる	isogeru
Volitional	急ごう	いそごう	isogō
Negative	急がない	いそがない	isoganai
Negative continuative	急がず	いそがず	isogazu
Formal	急ぎます	いそぎます	isogimasu
Perfective	急いだ	いそいだ	isoida
Conjunctive	急いで	いそいで	isoide
Hypothetical conditional	急げば	いそげば	isogeba

Antonyms

遅(おそ)くなる (osoku naru, “slow down”, intransitive)
遅(おそ)くする (osoku suru, “slow down”, transitive)
遅(おく)らせる (okuraseru, “slow down”, transitive)

Derived terms

忙(いそが)しい (isogashii): busy

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
急
また Grade: 3
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
速ぐ

From Old Japanese.^[1] Further derivation unknown.

First attested in a piece of 催馬楽 (saibara, “court music”) dated to the late 600s, early 700s.^[1]

Homophonic verb 跨ぐ (matagu, “to straddle, to step across”) is likely a derivation of this verb, possibly from the idea of striding, i.e. walking quickly.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) またぐ [màtáꜜgù] (Nakadaka – [2])^[2]
IPA^(key): [ma̠ta̠ɡɯ̟]

Verb

急(また)ぐ • (matagu) intransitive ^†yodan

[roughly 700s–???] (obsolete) to be in a hurry, to be hasty
[roughly 700s–???] (obsolete) to be impatient

Conjugation

Classical conjugation of "急ぐ" (ガ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	急が	またが	mataga
Continuative (連用形)	急ぎ	またぎ	matagi
Terminal (終止形)	急ぐ	またぐ	matagu
Attributive (連体形)	急ぐ	またぐ	matagu
Realis (已然形)	急げ	またげ	matage
Imperative (命令形)	急げ	またげ	matage
Key constructions
Negative	急がず	またがず	matagazu
Contrasting conjunction	急げど	またげど	matagedo
Causal conjunction	急げば	またげば	matageba
Conditional conjunction	急がば	またがば	matagaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	急ぎき	またぎき	matagiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	急ぎけり	またぎけり	matagikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	急ぎつ	またぎつ	matagitu
Perfect tense (natural event)	急ぎぬ	またぎぬ	mataginu
Perfect-continuative tense	急げり急ぎたり	またげりまたぎたり	matageri matagitari
Volitional	急がむ	またがむ	matagamu

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN

[KDJ-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[SMK5-3] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[ZAJ-4] Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]