擬

See also: 儗 and 拟

擬	U+64EC, 擬 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-64EC

← 擫
[U+64EB]

CJK Unified Ideographs

擭 →
[U+64ED]

Translingual

Han character

擬 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+14, 17 strokes, cangjie input 手心大人 (QPKO), four-corner 5708₁, composition ⿰扌疑)

Related characters

拟 (Simplified Chinese)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 460, character 17
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12870
Dae Jaweon: page 809, character 6
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1975, character 4
Unihan data for U+64EC

Chinese

trad.		擬
simp.		拟
alternative forms		儗／拟

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (疑) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
礙	*ŋɯːs
儗	ŋɯːs, hŋɯːs, ŋɯʔ, ŋɯs
懝	ŋɯːs, ŋɯɡ
譺	ŋrɯːs, ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
癡	*ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ
疑	*ŋɯ
嶷	ŋɯ, ŋɯɡ
觺	*ŋɯ
擬	*ŋɯʔ
薿	ŋɯʔ, ŋɯɡ
凝	ŋrɯŋ, ŋrɯŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋɯʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 疑 (OC *ŋɯ).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): nǐ (ni³)

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄧˇ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ji⁵ / ji⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ngei⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngí

(Hailu, HRS): ngi^ˊ

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngi³
Eastern Min (BUC): ngī
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gi³
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): gí

(Teochew, Peng'im): ngi²
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶gni

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: nǐ
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄧˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: nǐ
  - Wade–Giles: ni³
  - Yale: nǐ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nii
  - Palladius: ни (ni)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: ji⁵ / ji⁴
  - Yale: yíh / yìh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ji⁵ / ji⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yi⁵ / yi⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiː¹³/, /jiː²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ngei⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡei²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngí
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngi^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngi³
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋi³¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngi^ˊ
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋi²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngi³
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋi³¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngī
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋi³³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: gi³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: gi³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki³³²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gí
  - Tâi-lô: gí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gie
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡi⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /ɡi⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɡi⁵⁵⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ngi²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngí
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋi⁵²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶gni
  - MiniDict: nyi^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³nyi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲi²³/

Middle Chinese: ngiX

Rime
Character	擬
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	魚紀切
Baxter	ngiX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋɨ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋie^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɨ^X/
Li Rong	/ŋiə^X/
Wang Li	/ŋĭə^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ŋi^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yǐ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji⁵

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ](r)əʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋɯʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	擬
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ ngi^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ](r)əʔ/ (< uvular)
English	estimate, calculate
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	擬
Reading #	1/1
No.	14897
Phonetic component	疑
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	擬
Old Chinese	/*ŋɯʔ/

Definitions

擬

to compare
to imitate; to copy; to emulate; to mimic
to plan; to propose
to draft; to devise; to draw up
to presuppose; to hypothesise; to assert

Synonyms

(to compare):

edit

例 (lì) (literary, or in compounds)
對比 / 对比 (duìbǐ)
對照 / 对照 (duìzhào)
比並 / 比并 (bǐ-piāng) (Northern Min, Eastern Min, Min Nan)
比對 / 比对 (bǐduì)
比擬 / 比拟 (bǐnǐ)
比照 (bǐzhào)
比較 / 比较
視 / 视 (shì) (archaic)
進行比較 / 进行比较 (jìnxíng bǐjiào)

(to imitate):

edit

仿效 (fǎngxiào)
仿照 (fǎngzhào)
摹寫 / 摹写 (móxiě) (a model of calligraphy, painting, etc.)
效仿 (xiàofǎng)
模仿 (mófǎng)
模擬 / 模拟 (mónǐ)
模效 (móxiào)
臨摹 / 临摹 (línmó) (a model of calligraphy, painting, etc.)
規矩 / 规矩 (guījǔ) (literary)

(to plan):

edit

作計 / 作计 (zuòjì) (literary)
打算 (dǎsuàn)
拍算 (phah-sǹg) (Hokkien, Teochew)
拍達 / 拍达 (Xiamen Hokkien)
按算 (Hokkien)
派胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
準備 / 准备 (zhǔnbèi)
營為 / 营为 (Hokkien)
盤算 / 盘算
策劃 / 策划 (cèhuà)
策動 / 策动 (cèdòng)
算 (suàn)
算打 (sáung-dā) (Eastern Min)
算計 / 算计 (suànjì)
籌劃 / 筹划 (chóuhuà)
考慮 / 考虑 (kǎolǜ)
規 / 规 (literary, or in compounds)
規劃 / 规划 (guīhuà)
計劃 / 计划 (jìhuà)
計算 / 计算 (jìsuàn)
設 / 设 (shè)
設施 / 设施 (shèshī) (literary)
試圖 / 试图 (shìtú)
謀劃 / 谋划 (móuhuà)

(to draft):

edit

草創 / 草创 (cǎochuàng) (literary)
草擬 / 草拟 (cǎonǐ)
起草 (qǐcǎo)

(to presuppose):

edit

估計 / 估计 (gūjì)
估量
假定 (jiǎdìng)
假想 (jiǎxiǎng)
假設 / 假设 (jiǎshè)
商量 (shāngliàng) (Classical Chinese)
嫌 (xián) (literary, or in compounds)
忖度 (cǔnduó) (literary)
思裁 (sīcái) (literary)
想象 (xiǎngxiàng)
懸 / 悬 (xuán) (literary, or in compounds)
懸想 / 悬想 (xuánxiǎng)
懷疑 / 怀疑 (huáiyí)
打估 (Southern Pinghua)
推想 (tuīxiǎng)
推測 / 推测 (tuīcè)
掠算 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
揣度 (formal)
母量 (mu³ liong) (Gan)
派胚 (Hokkien)
測 / 测 (cè) (literary, or in compounds)
測估 / 测估 (cègū)
測度 / 测度 (cèduó)
測算 / 测算 (cèsuàn)
猜 (cāi)
猜度 (cāiduó)
猜想 (cāixiǎng)
猜摸 (cāimo)
猜料 (cāiliào)
猜測 / 猜测 (cāicè)
猜詳 / 猜详 (cāixiáng)
算 (suàn)
算計 / 算计 (suànjì)
約摸 / 约摸 (yuēmo)
臭疑 (Hokkien)
臭青疑 (Hokkien)
虛擬 / 虚拟 (xūnǐ)
要約 / 要约 (iau³ ieh⁴) (Jin)
設 / 设 (shè)
設想 / 设想 (shèxiǎng)
跋胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
辦胚 / 办胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
阿合 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
青疑 (Hokkien)
預計 / 预计 (yùjì)

Compounds

References

“擬”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

擬

(Jōyō kanji)

mimic, imitate
guess, suspect
pseudo-, mock-

Readings

Go-on: ご (go)
Kan-on: ぎ (gi, Jōyō)
Kun: まがい (magai, 擬)、もどく (modoku, 擬く)、なぞらえる (nazoraeru, 擬える)、はかる (hakaru, 擬る)

Compounds

擬(ぎ)薬(やく) (giyaku, “placebo”)
模(も)擬(ぎ) (mogi, “mock”)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 擬 (MC ngiX).

Historical readings

Recorded as Middle Korean ᅌᅴᆼ〯 (Yale: ngǔy) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Recorded as Middle Korean 의 (uy) (Yale: uy) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɰi]
Phonetic hangul: [의]

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

擬

Wikisource

擬 (eumhun 비길 의 (bigil ui))

hanja form^? of 의 (“to compare”)
hanja form^? of 의 (“to imitate; to emulate”)

Compounds

모의 (模擬, moui, “imitation; simulation”)
의성 (擬聲, uiseong, “imitation sound”)
의성어 (擬聲語, uiseong'eo, “onomatopoeia”)
의태어 (擬態語, uitaeeo, “ideophone”)
의인 (擬人, uiin, “personification”)
의인화 (擬人化, uiinhwa, “anthropomorphization”)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

擬: Hán Nôm readings: nghĩ, nghỉ

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