U+6614, 昔
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6614

[U+6613]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+6615]

Translingual

edit

Han character

edit

(Kangxi radical 72, +4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 廿日 (TA), four-corner 44601, composition )

  1. formerly
  2. ancient
  3. in the beginning

Derived characters

edit

References

edit
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 492, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13816
  • Dae Jaweon: page 855, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1488, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+6614

Chinese

edit
simp. and trad.
alternative forms ancient form
𣊦 ancient form
𦠡 ancient form

Glyph origin

edit
Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
         

Oracle bone form: Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 𡿧 (disaster; floods) + (sun) – the flood submerging the sun; the former times.

Shuowen: Two pieces of flesh () left to dry in the sun (). Original form of (OC *sjaːɡ).

Similar but unrelated to , , and .

Etymology 1

edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)ak (night, full 24-hour day, spend the night) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Wang (1982) relates this to (OC *ljaːɡ) and (OC *laːɡs); however, see those two entries for more.

Pronunciation

edit


Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (16)
Final () (123)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter sjek
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/siᴇk̚/
Pan
Wuyun
/siɛk̚/
Shao
Rongfen
/siæk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/siajk̚/
Li
Rong
/siɛk̚/
Wang
Li
/sĭɛk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/si̯ɛk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
xi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
sik1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ sjek ›
Old
Chinese
/*[s]Ak/
English in the past

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 13309
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*sjaːɡ/

Definitions

edit

  1. former times; the past; long ago; ancient times
  2. yesterday
  3. sunset; dusk
  4. Alternative form of (dried meat)
  5. Alternative form of (, evening; night)
  6. a surname

Compounds

edit

Etymology 2

edit

Pronunciation

edit

Definitions

edit

  1. coarse; rough
  2. Alternative form of  / (to criss-cross)
  3. Alternative form of (cuò, to use; to carry out)

Etymology 3

edit

Pronunciation

edit

Definitions

edit

  1. (Southern Min) Alternative form of

References

edit
  • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 250.

Japanese

edit

Kanji

edit

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

edit
  • Go-on: しゃく (shaku, Jōyō )
  • Kan-on: せき (seki, Jōyō)
  • Kun: むかし (mukashi, , Jōyō)

Etymology

edit
Kanji in this term
むかし
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. The muka portion derives from the 未然形 (mizenkei, incomplete form) of verb 向く (muku, to face opposite to something), implying “that which stands opposite from the present”. The shi portion is suffix (shi) indicating direction, also found in words 縦し (tatashi, the standing or vertical direction), 横し (yokoshi, the sideways or horizontal direction). This appears to be a somewhat rare alternative form, more commonly encountered as (sa), and may be cognate with the nominalizing adjective ending (sa).[1]

Pronunciation

edit

Adverb

edit

(むかし) (mukashi

  1. once (in the indeterminate past)
    (むかし)()(えい)()
    mukashi mita eiga
    a movie I once saw

Noun

edit

(むかし) (mukashi

  1. the past, old times
    (むかし)(いま)mukashi to imathe past and the present
    (むかし)()(ぶん)mukashi no jibunmy past self
    (むかし)からの友達(ともだち)mukashi kara no tomodachia longtime friend (literally, “a friend since old times”)
    (むかし)(もど)mukashi ni modoruto return to the past
    • 970–999, Utsubo Monogatari, page Toshikage:
      [3]
      むかし、式部大輔、左大弁かけて清原の王ありけり。
  2. ancient
    (むかし)(ひと)mukashi no hitoancient people
    もう(むかし)(はなし)だ。mukashi no hanashi da.That's ancient history.

Derived terms

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Kōno, Tama (c. 970–999) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 10: Utsubo Monogatari 1 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1959, →ISBN.

Korean

edit

Hanja

edit

(seok, chak) (hangeul , , revised seok, chak, McCune–Reischauer sŏk, ch'ak, Yale sek, chak)

  1. formerly
  2. ancient
  3. in beginning

Vietnamese

edit

Han character

edit

: Hán Nôm readings: tích, tếch, thách, tách

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
  NODES
Note 2