法律

Chinese

		law	law
simp. and trad. (法律)		法	律
anagram		律法

Etymology

Attestable in Classical Chinese. Popularised from Japanese 法律(ほうりつ) (hōritsu).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): fǎlǜ

  (Zhuyin): ㄈㄚˇ ㄌㄩˋ

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): фалү (falü, I-II)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): faat³ leot⁶

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): fap-li̍t

  (Hailu, HRS): fab lud^ˋ

• Eastern Min (BUC): huák-lŭk
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hoat-lu̍t

  (Teochew, Peng'im): huag⁴ lug⁸ / huah⁴ luh⁸

• Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁷faq-liq₈

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: fǎlǜ
    • Zhuyin: ㄈㄚˇ ㄌㄩˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: fǎlyù
    • Wade–Giles: fa³-lü⁴
    • Yale: fǎ-lyù
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: faaliuh
    • Palladius: фалюй (faljuj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ly⁵¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: фалү (falü, I-II)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fa²⁴ ly⁵¹/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: faat³ leot⁶
    • Yale: faat leuht
    • Cantonese Pinyin: faat⁸ loet⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: fad³ lêd⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /faːt̚³ lɵt̚²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fap-li̍t
    • Hakka Romanization System: fab^ˋ lid
    • Hagfa Pinyim: fab⁵ lid⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /fap̚² lit̚⁵/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: fab lud^ˋ
    • Sinological IPA: /fap⁵⁻² lut²/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: huák-lŭk
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /huaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃uʔ⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoat-lu̍t
    • Tâi-lô: huat-lu̍t
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoatlut
    • IPA (Xiamen): /huat̚³²⁻⁴ lut̚⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ lut̚²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /huat̚³²⁻⁵ lut̚¹²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /huat̚³²⁻⁴ lut̚⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /huat̚³²⁻⁴ lut̚⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: huag⁴ lug⁸ / huah⁴ luh⁸
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huak lu̍k / huah lu̍h
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /huak̚²⁻⁴ luk̚⁴/, /huaʔ²⁻⁴ luʔ⁴/

Note:

• huag4 lug8 - Shantou;
• huah4 luh8 - Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Hat Yai.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou)
    • Wugniu: ⁷faq-liq₈
    • MiniDict: fah^入 lih^入
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴faq-liq₅
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /faʔ³³ liɪʔ⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /fɑʔ⁴⁴ liɪʔ⁴⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: pjop lwit

Rime
Character	法	律
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	乏 (148)	術 (52)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	方乏切	呂卹切
Baxter	pjop	lwit
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pɨɐp̚/	/liuɪt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/piɐp̚/	/lʷit̚/
Shao Rongfen	/piɐp̚/	/ljuet̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/puap̚/	/lwit̚/
Li Rong	/piɐp̚/	/liuĕt̚/
Wang Li	/pĭwɐp̚/	/lĭuĕt̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/pi̯wɐp̚/	/li̯uĕt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fa	lǜ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	faat3	leot6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[p.k]ap  [r]ut/

  (Zhengzhang): /*pqab  rud/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	法	律	律
Reading #	1/1	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	fǎ	lǜ	lǜ
Middle Chinese	‹ pjop ›	‹ lwit ›	‹ lwit ›
Old Chinese	/*[p.k]ap/	/*[r]ut/	/*[r]ut/
English	model, law	law, rule (n.)	不律 writing brush (pron. in Wú 吳 ap. Shuōwén; E. Hàn)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	法	律
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	2867	15978
Phonetic component	法	聿
Rime group	盍	物
Rime subdivision	1	2
Corresponding MC rime	法	律
Old Chinese	/*pqab/	/*rud/
Notes	說文灋省文

Noun

法律

1. law (body of binding rules and regulations) (Classifier: 部 m)

   制定法律  ―  zhìdìng fǎlǜ  ―  to make laws

   執行法律／执行法律  ―  zhíxíng fǎlǜ  ―  to enforce the law

   訴諸法律／诉诸法律  ―  sùzhū fǎlǜ  ―  to resort to the law

   觸犯法律／触犯法律  ―  chùfàn fǎlǜ  ―  to break the law

   詮釋法律／诠释法律  ―  quánshì fǎlǜ  ―  to interpret the law

   法律條文／法律条文  ―  fǎlǜ tiáowén  ―  legal provision

   法律推理  ―  fǎlǜ tuīlǐ  ―  legal reasoning

   適用法律／适用法律  ―  shìyòng fǎlǜ  ―  applicable law

   法律法規／法律法规  ―  fǎlǜ fǎguī  ―  laws and regulations

   採取法律行動／采取法律行动  ―  cǎiqǔ fǎlǜ xíngdòng  ―  to take legal action

   法律面前人人平等。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]

   Fǎlǜ miànqián rénrén píngděng. [Pinyin]

   All men are equal before the law.

Synonyms

edit

• 令牌 (lìngpái)
• 律令 (lǜlìng)
• 律例 (lǜlì)
• 律法 (⁸liq-faq₇) (Wu)
• 法令 (fǎlìng)

 

Derived terms

• 法律事務所 / 法律事务所 (fǎlǜ shìwùsuǒ)
• 法律制裁 (fǎlǜ zhìcái)
• 法律學 / 法律学 (fǎlǜxué)
• 法律家 (fǎlǜjiā)
• 法律實證主義 / 法律实证主义 (fǎlǜ shízhèngzhǔyì)
• 法律援助 (fǎlǜ yuánzhù)
• 法律效力 (fǎlǜ xiàolì)
• 法律構成要件 / 法律构成要件 (fǎlǜ gòuchéng yàojiàn)
• 法律社會學 / 法律社会学 (fǎlǜ shèhuìxué)
• 法律精神 (fǎlǜ jīngshén)
• 法律罅

 

Related terms

• 法度 (fǎdù)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (法律):

• → Japanese: 法律(ほうりつ) (hōritsu)
• → Korean: 법률(法律) (beomnyul)
• → Vietnamese: pháp luật (法律)

See also

• 成文法 (chéngwénfǎ)
• 法案 (fǎ'àn)
• 法學／法学 (fǎxué)
• 立法 (lìfǎ)
• 民法 (mínfǎ)
• 普通法 (pǔtōngfǎ)
• 守法 (shǒufǎ)
• 憲法法／宪法法 (xiànfǎfǎ)
• 刑法 (xíngfǎ)
• 執法／执法 (zhífǎ)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
法	律
ほう Grade: 4	りつ Grade: 6
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ほーりつ [hòórítsú] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ho̞ːɾʲit͡sɨ]

Noun

法(ほう)律(りつ) • (hōritsu) 

1. The field, profession, and study of law. The rule of law.

   Synonym: 法学

   政治(せいじ)より法律(ほうりつ)を学(まな)びたい。

   Seiji yori hōritsu o manabitai.

   I would rather study law than politics.

   法律(ほうりつ)事務所(じむしょ)

   hōritsu jimusho

   a law firm/office

2. A statute. An act of a legislature.

   その法律(ほうりつ)は不当(ふとう)だ。

   Sono hōritsu wa futō da.

   That law is unjust.

Synonyms

• 法(ほう) (hō)
• 法令(ほうれい) (hōrei)

Related terms

• 六法(ろっぽう) (roppō): six codes
• 憲法(けんぽう) (kenpō): constitution
• 民法(みんぽう) (minpō): civil law
• 商法(しょうほう) (shōhō): commercial law
• 刑法(けいほう) (keihō): criminal law
• 民事訴訟法(みんじそしょうほう) (minji soshōhō): civil procedure code
• 刑事訴訟法(けいじそしょうほう) (keiji soshōhō): criminal procedure code

References

• 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean

Hanja in this term
法	律

Noun

法律 • (beomnyul) (hangeul 법률)

1. hanja form^? of 법률 (“law”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
法	律

Noun

法律

1. chữ Hán form of pháp luật (“law”).