波斯

Chinese

		phonetic
simp. and trad. (波斯)		波	斯

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波斯

Etymology

Borrowed from Old Persian 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (Pārsa) (alternatively, from a Sogdian term); first used during the Northern Wei dynasty to refer to the Sasanian Empire.^[1]

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Bōsī

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄛㄙ
Cantonese (Jyutping): bo¹ si¹
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Pho-su / Pho-sir

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Bōsī
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄛㄙ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Bosih
  - Wade–Giles: Po¹-ssŭ¹
  - Yale: Bwō-sz̄
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Bosy
  - Palladius: Босы (Bosy)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: bo¹ si¹
  - Yale: bō sī
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bo¹ si¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: bo¹ xi¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɔː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pho-su
  - Tâi-lô: Pho-su
  - Phofsit Daibuun: phoisw
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ su⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /pʰo⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /pʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ su⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pho-sir
  - Tâi-lô: Pho-sir
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰo³³ sɯ³³/

Middle Chinese: pa sje

Rime
Character	波	斯
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)	支 (11)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	博禾切	息移切
Baxter	pa	sje
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/puɑ/	/siᴇ/
Pan Wuyun	/puɑ/	/siɛ/
Shao Rongfen	/puɑ/	/sjɛ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/pwa/	/siə̆/
Li Rong	/puɑ/	/sie/
Wang Li	/puɑ/	/sǐe/
Bernhard Karlgren	/puɑ/	/sie̯/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bō	sī
Expected Cantonese Reflex	bo¹	si¹

Proper noun

波斯

(historical) Persia
- 波斯國，都宿利城，在忸密西，古條支國也。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
  波斯国，都宿利城，在忸密西，古条支国也。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
  From: c. 551-554, 魏書 (Book of Wei) by Wei Shou, 卷一百二　列傳第九十　(西域) (Volume 102, Biographies 90: Western Regions)
  Bōsī guó, dōu Sùlì chéng, zài Niǔmì xī, gǔ Tiáozhī guó yě. [Pinyin]
  The state of Persia [Sasanian Empire]: its capital is Istakhr. It is located west of Niumi [in the Anxi Protectorate]. It was formerly the state of Tiaozhi [perhaps Seleucia].
- 極惡風俗，婚姻交雜。納母及姊妹為妻。波斯國亦納母為妻。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
  极恶风俗，婚姻交杂。纳母及姊妹为妻。波斯国亦纳母为妻。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
  From: c. 728, 《往五天竺國傳》 (Account of the Journey to the Five Indias)
  Jí'è fēngsú, hūnyīn jiāozá. Nà mǔ jí zǐmèi wéi qī. Bōsī guó yì nà mǔ wéi qī. [Pinyin]
  An extremely evil custom [in these lands] is that their marriage practices are filthy. They take their mother and sisters as wives. In the country of Persia, they also take their mothers as wives.

Derived terms

波斯人 (Bōsīrén, “Persian (person)”)
波斯國／波斯国 (Bōsī Guó)
波斯地毯
波斯帝國／波斯帝国
波斯教
波斯灣／波斯湾 (Bōsī Wān, “Persian Gulf”)
波斯皁莢／波斯皂荚
波斯菊
波斯語／波斯语 (bōsīyǔ)
波斯貓／波斯猫 (bōsīmāo)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (波斯):

→ Japanese: 波斯(はし) (Hashi)
→ Korean: 파사(波斯) (Pasa)
→ Vietnamese: Ba Tư (波斯)

References

^ Schottenhammer, Angela (2016) “China's Gate to the Indian Ocean: Iranian and Arab Long-Distance Traders”, in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies‎^[1], volume 76, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 139–140

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
波	斯
は Grade: 3	し Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 波斯 (MC pa sje), ultimately from Old Persian 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (Pārsa).

First cited to the Utsubo Monogatari of the late 900s.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ha̠ɕi]

Proper noun

波(は)斯(し) • (Hashi)

[from late 900s] (archaic, possibly obsolete) Persia, especially ancient Persia

Usage notes

Usage might be restricted to contexts about ancient China.^[2]

Derived terms

Derived terms with 波斯

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
波	斯
はるしゃ
Grade: 3	Jinmeiyō
jukujikun

Kanji in this term
波	斯
はるしあ
Grade: 3	Jinmeiyō
jukujikun

Borrowed from Dutch Perzië (“Persia”) during the Edo period.^[1]^[2]

First cited in 1708.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ha̠ɾɯ̟ɕa̠]

Proper noun

波斯(ハルシャ) or 波斯(ハルシア) • (Harusha or Harushia)

[from 1708] (historical, Edo) Persia

Derived terms

Derived terms with 波斯

波斯(ハルシャ)革(がわ) (Harusha-gawa)
波斯(ハルシャ)菊(ぎく) (Harusha-giku)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
波	斯
ぺるしゃ Grade: 3	ぺるしあ Jinmeiyō
jukujikun

Borrowed from English Persia.^[1]^[2]^[3]

First cited in 1839.^[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ぺるしゃ [péꜜrùshà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [pe̞ɾɯ̟ɕa̠]

Proper noun

波斯(ペルシャ) or 波斯(ペルシア) • (Perusha or Perushia)

[from 1839] Persia

Usage notes

The kanji spelling 波斯 is uncommon in modern usage.
Both forms ペルシャ (Perusha) and ペルシア (Perushia) are attested. The former is preferred in various resources.^[1]^[2]^[3]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 “波斯”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
波	斯

Proper noun

波斯

chữ Hán form of Ba Tư (“Persia”).

[1] Schottenhammer, Angela (2016) “China's Gate to the Indian Ocean: Iranian and Arab Long-Distance Traders”, in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies‎^[1], volume 76, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 139–140

[KDJ2-2] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 “波斯”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[DJR-3] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-4] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

波斯

Contents

Chinese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Proper noun

Derived terms

Descendants

See also

References

Japanese

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Proper noun

Usage notes

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Proper noun

Derived terms

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Proper noun

Usage notes

References

Vietnamese

Proper noun