瀨

See also: 濑 and 瀬

瀨 U+7028, 瀨 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7028 ← 瀧 [U+7027] CJK Unified Ideographs 瀩 → [U+7029]

Translingual

Traditional	瀨
Shinjitai	瀬
Simplified	濑

Han character

瀨 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+16, 19 strokes, cangjie input 水木中金 (EDLC), four-corner 3118₆, composition ⿰氵賴)

Derived characters

• 𬟣

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 660, character 20
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18672
• Dae Jaweon: page 1070, character 13
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1782, character 5
• Unihan data for U+7028

Chinese

trad.		瀨
simp.		濑
alternative forms		瀬

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 瀨
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (賴) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
賴	*raːds
籟	*raːds
癩	*raːds, *raːd
瀨	*raːds
藾	*raːds
攋	*raːds, *reːdʔ, *raːd
懶	*raːnʔ
嬾	*raːnʔ
獺	*r̥ʰaːd, *hr'aːd

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *raːds) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 賴 (OC *raːds).

Etymology 1

As this word appeared in texts about ancient Eastern Yue (now Min) area and Chen Zan remarked that it was a Wu-Yue word, Schuessler (2007) speculates that it has Austroasiatic origin, comparing it to Wa-Lawa-Bulang *rah "rapids, waterfall" & Old Khmer rat (“to move swiftly, to run”), possibly derived from a root meaning "swift". Proto-Min *l̥aiꟲ is identical to Proto-Tai *hla:iᴮ¹.

Possibly unrelated to 濿 (OC *m·rads) "a ford".

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): lài (lai⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄞˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): laai⁶
• Northern Min (KCR): suōi
• Eastern Min (BUC): lái
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lōa / loah / nāi
• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶le

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: lài
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄞˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lài
    • Wade–Giles: lai⁴
    • Yale: lài
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lay
    • Palladius: лай (laj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /laɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: laai⁶
    • Yale: laaih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: laai⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: lai⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /laːi̯²²/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: suōi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /suɛ⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: lái
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃ɑi²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lōa
    • Tâi-lô: luā
    • Phofsit Daibuun: loa
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lua⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /lua²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lua³³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: loah
    • Tâi-lô: luah
    • Phofsit Daibuun: loaq
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /luaʔ³²/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nāi
    • Tâi-lô: nāi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: nai
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /nãi⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /nãi³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /nãi²²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶le
    • MiniDict: le^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³le
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /le²³/

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• Middle Chinese: lajH

Rime
Character	瀨
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	泰 (25)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	落蓋切
Baxter	lajH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɑiH/
Pan Wuyun	/lɑiH/
Shao Rongfen	/lɑiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lajH/
Li Rong	/lɑiH/
Wang Li	/lɑiH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/lɑiH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	laai6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.rˤa[t]-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*raːds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	瀨
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lài
Middle Chinese	‹ lajH ›
Old Chinese	/*C.rˁa[t]-s/
English	rapids
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	瀨
Reading #	1/1
No.	7634
Phonetic component	賴
Rime group	祭
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	賴
Old Chinese	/*raːds/

Definitions

瀨

1. rapids; swift current
2. (Hokkien) shallow part of a river with a rapid current

Synonyms

• (rapids): (literary) 湍流 (tuānliú)

Compounds

• 湍瀨 / 湍濑
• 滲瀨 / 渗濑
• 瀨仔 / 濑仔 (Hokkien)
• 瀨戶內海 / 濑户内海 (Làihù Nèihǎi)
• 瀨粉 / 濑粉 (làifěn)

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Same word as 賴 "to leave behind"?”)

Pronunciation

• Cantonese (Jyutping): laai⁶

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• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: laai⁶
    • Yale: laaih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: laai⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: lai⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /laːi̯²²/

Definitions

瀨

1. (Cantonese) to pass (urine or feces) involuntarily

   我就嚟急到瀨喇，可唔可以去廁所呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
   我就嚟急到濑喇，可唔可以去厕所呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]

   ngo⁵ zau⁶ lei⁴ gap¹ dou³ laai⁶ laa³, ho² m⁴ ho² ji⁵ heoi³ ci³ so² aa³? [Jyutping]

   I need to go so badly that I'm going to wet myself. Can I go to the washroom?

Compounds

• 瀨尿 / 濑尿
• 瀨屎 / 濑屎

Japanese

Shinjitai	瀬
Kyūjitai	瀨

Kanji

瀨

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 瀬)

1. swift current
2. rapids

Readings

• On (unclassified): らい (rai)
• Kun: せ (se, 瀨)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 瀨 (MC lajH). Recorded as Middle Korean 뢰〮 (lwóy) (Yale: lwoy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource

瀨 (eumhun 여울 뢰 (yeoul roe), word-initial (South Korea) 여울 뇌 (yeoul noe))

1. hanja form^? of 뢰/뇌 (“rapids”)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]