砂

Translingual

Han character

Stroke order

砂 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 一口火竹 (MRFH), four-corner 1962₀, composition ⿰石少)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 827, character 20
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24046
Dae Jaweon: page 1242, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2420, character 4
Unihan data for U+7802

Chinese

simp. and trad.		砂
2nd round simp.		沙

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (沙) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
硰	ʔsaːlʔ, sʰaːlʔ, *sraːl
娑	saːl, saːlʔ
挱	saːl, sraːl
挲	*saːl
桫	*saːl
渻	saːl, sreŋʔ, *seŋʔ
沙	sraːl, sraːls
紗	*sraːl
砂	*sraːl
鯊	*sraːl
裟	*sraːl
桬	*sraːl
髿	sraːl, soːl
魦	sraːl, soːl
莎	*soːl
莏	*soːl

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sraːl) : semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 少 (OC *sraːl, *sraːls). Originally, this character was a variant form of 沙, a Pictogram (象形) that represents the appearance of sand along a riverbank.^[1]

References

^ Digital Shinjigen 2017

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shā (sha¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄕㄚ
Cantonese (Jyutping): saa¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sâ
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): soa / see / se / sa

(Teochew, Peng'im): sua¹ / sa¹
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹so

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shā
  - Zhuyin: ㄕㄚ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sha
  - Wade–Giles: sha¹
  - Yale: shā
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sha
  - Palladius: ша (ša)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂä⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: saa¹
  - Yale: sā
  - Cantonese Pinyin: saa¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: sa¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /saː⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sâ
  - Hakka Romanization System: sa^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: sa¹
  - Sinological IPA: /sa²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soa
  - Tâi-lô: sua
  - Phofsit Daibuun: soaf
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sua⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /sua³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: see
  - Tâi-lô: see
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɛ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: se
  - Tâi-lô: se
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sef
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /se⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sa
  - Tâi-lô: sa
  - Phofsit Daibuun: saf
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /sa³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /sa⁴⁴/

Note:

soa/see/se - vernacular;
sa - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: sua¹ / sa¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sua / sa
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /sua³³/, /sa³³/

Note:

sua1 - vernacular;
sa1 - literary.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹so
  - MiniDict: so^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹so
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /so⁵³/

Middle Chinese: srae

Rime
Character	砂
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	生 (21)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	所加切
Baxter	srae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʃˠa/
Pan Wuyun	/ʃᵚa/
Shao Rongfen	/ʃa/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʂaɨ/
Li Rong	/ʃa/
Wang Li	/ʃa/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʂa/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shā
Expected Cantonese Reflex	saa¹

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*sraːl/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	砂
Reading #	1/1
No.	11027
Phonetic component	沙
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	鯊
Old Chinese	/*sraːl/
Notes	俗沙字

Definitions

砂

Alternative form of 沙 (“sand”)
Alternative form of 沙 (“extremely mushy and/or rough (as sand), texture of a watermelon of good quality”)
砂糖 ― shātáng ― granulated sugar

硒砂瓜 ― xīshāguā ― Selenium(-rich) Gourd
(Malaysia, Singapore) Short for 砂拉越 (Shālāyuè, “Sarawak”).

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

砂

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

sand

Readings

Go-on: しゃ (sha, Jōyō)^{←しや (sya, historical)}
Kan-on: さ (sa, Jōyō)
Kun: すな (suna, 砂, Jōyō)、いさご (isago, 砂)

Compounds

砂(さ)金(きん) (sakin, “gold dust”)
砂(さ)漣(れん) (saren, “sand ripple”)
砂(さ)漏(ろう) (sarō, “hourglass”)
砂(じゃ)利(り) (jari, “gravel; child”), 砂(ざ)利(り) (zari, “gravel”)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
砂
すな Grade: 6
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) すな [sùná] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [sɨna̠]

Noun

砂(すな) • (suna)

sand

Derived terms

砂(すな)時(ど)計(けい) (sunadokei, “hourglass”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
砂
いさご Grade: 6
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) いさご [ìságó] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [isa̠ɡo̞]

Noun

砂(いさご) • (isago)

sand

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

砂 • (sa) (hangeul 사, revised sa, McCune–Reischauer sa, Yale sa)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

砂: Hán Nôm readings: sa

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Yonaguni

Kanji

砂

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 砂 (suna).

Noun

砂(ちな) (china)

sand

Yoron

Kanji

砂

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 砂 (suna).

Noun

砂(しな) (shina)

sand

[1] Digital Shinjigen 2017

[DJR-2] 1.0 ^1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] 2.0 ^2.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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