種

See also: 种

種 U+7A2E, 種 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A2E ← 稭 [U+7A2D] CJK Unified Ideographs 稯 → [U+7A2F]

Translingual

Han character

種 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+9, 14 strokes, cangjie input 竹木竹十土 (HDHJG), four-corner 2291₄, composition ⿰禾重)

Derived characters

• 𭢸, 𮃲, 𡽯, 𧀑, 𥵾, 㘒

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 856, character 16
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25174
• Dae Jaweon: page 1281, character 33
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2617, character 17
• Unihan data for U+7A2E

Chinese

trad.		種
simp.		种*
alternative forms		穜 𥡰 𥢖 𥻝 𦔉 穜 𥡰 𥢖 𥻝 𦔉 𥠭

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 種
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (重) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
撞	*rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs
幢	*rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs
橦	*rdoːŋ, *doːŋ, *tjoŋ
噇	*rdoːŋ
𩪘	*rdoːŋ
艟	*rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ
憧	*rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ
畽	*tʰoːnʔ, *tʰuːnʔ
董	*toːŋʔ
蕫	*toːŋʔ, *doːŋ
箽	*toːŋʔ
懂	*toːŋʔ
湩	*toːŋs, *tuːŋʔ, *toŋs
曈	*tʰoːŋ, *tʰoːŋʔ, *doːŋ
童	*doːŋ
僮	*doːŋ
瞳	*doːŋ
罿	*doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ
犝	*doːŋ
潼	*doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ
穜	*doːŋ, *doŋ
動	*doːŋʔ
慟	*doːŋs
堹	*toŋs
諥	*toŋs
蹱	*tʰoŋ, *tʰoŋs, *tjoŋ
重	*doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs
緟	*doŋ, *doŋs
蝩	*doŋ
褈	*doŋ, *tʰjoŋ
鐘	*tjoŋ, *tjoŋ
鍾	*tjoŋ
籦	*tjoŋ
種	*tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs
腫	*tjoŋʔ
踵	*tjoŋʔ
歱	*tjoŋʔ
喠	*tjoŋʔ, *tʰjoŋʔ
偅	*tjoŋs
衝	*tʰjoŋ
揰	*tʰjoŋs
尰	*djoŋʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs) : semantic 禾 + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs).

Etymology

Perhaps Sino-Tibetan: Chepang [script needed] (tuŋʔ-, “to plant”), दुङ् (duŋ, “shoot; sprout”), दुङ्‌सा (duŋ-, “to sprout; to grow”). Compare 腫 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “to swell”) and 踵 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “heel”).

Related to Proto-Vietic *k-coːŋʔ (“seed”) (Vietnamese giống (“seed”)), which is likely a loanword from Chinese (Wang, 1948).

Pronunciation 2 (“to sow; to plant”) is the exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1 (“seed”).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): zhǒng (zhong³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥˇ

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җун (žun, III)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zung²

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): zuung²

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chúng
• Eastern Min (BUC): cṳ̄ng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zoeng³ / zyeng³
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): chéng / chióng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): zêng² / zong²

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵tson

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhǒng
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhǒng
    • Wade–Giles: chung³
    • Yale: jǔng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: joong
    • Palladius: чжун (čžun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җун (žun, III)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂuŋ⁴⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: zung²
    • Yale: júng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzung²
    • Guangdong Romanization: zung²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ³⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: zuung²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɵŋ⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chúng
    • Hakka Romanization System: zung^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: zung³
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ³¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: cṳ̄ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡syŋ³³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: zoeng³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sœŋ⁴⁵³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: zyeng³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡syøŋ³³²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chéng
    • Tâi-lô: tsíng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zeang
    • IPA (Singapore): /t͡seŋ⁴²/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡siɪŋ⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chióng
    • Tâi-lô: tsióng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ciorng
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Singapore): /t͡siɔŋ⁴²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡siɔŋ⁵³/

Note:

• chéng - vernacular;
• chióng - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: zêng² / zong²
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tséng / tsóng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡seŋ⁵²/, /t͡soŋ⁵²/

Note:

• zêng2 - vernacular;
• zong2 - literary.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵tson
    • MiniDict: tson^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²tson
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡soŋ³⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: tsyowngX

Rime
Character	種
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	之隴切
Baxter	tsyowngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕɨoŋX/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕioŋX/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕioŋX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cuawŋX/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕioŋX/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭwoŋX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯woŋX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhǒng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zung2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*k.toŋʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*tjoŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	種
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhǒng
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyowngX ›
Old Chinese	/*k.toŋʔ/
English	seed
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	種
Reading #	1/2
No.	17471
Phonetic component	重
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	腫
Old Chinese	/*tjoŋʔ/

Definitions

種

1. seed; kernel; cereal

   菜種／菜种  ―  càizhǒng  ―  seed of vegetable

2. clan; ethnic group; ethnicity; race

   人種／人种  ―  rénzhǒng  ―  race

   種族／种族  ―  zhǒngzú  ―  ethnicity

3. (taxonomy) species; breed
4. kind; sort; type
5. Classifier for varieties: kind; sort; type ⇒ all nouns using this classifier

   各種／各种  ―  gèzhǒng  ―  every kind

   • 這種話你別再說了。 [MSC, trad.]
     这种话你别再说了。 [MSC, simp.]

     Zhè zhǒng huà nǐ bié zài shuō le. [Pinyin]

     Don't talk about those types of things anymore.

6. (colloquial) guts; grit
7. a surname: Zhong

Synonyms

• (kind):

Dialectal synonyms of 種 (“kind (classifier for varieties)”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		種, 類
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	種
	Malaysia	種
	Singapore	種
Cantonese	Guangzhou	種, 隻
	Hong Kong	種, 隻
Southern Min	Tainan	種, 款
	Penang (Hokkien)	種
	Singapore (Hokkien)	種, 款
	Manila (Hokkien)	款
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	種, 隻
Wu	Shanghai	種, 樣

• (guts):

edit

• 勇氣 / 勇气 (yǒngqì)
• 腰子 (yāozi) (colloquial, figurative)
• 膽 / 胆 (dǎn) (figurative)
• 膽子 / 胆子 (dǎnzi)
• 膽量 / 胆量 (dǎnliàng)
• 膽頭 / 胆头 (Hokkien)

 

Compounds

• 下種 / 下种
• 五種 / 五种
• 五種性 / 五种性
• 人種 / 人种 (rénzhǒng)
• 人種 / 人种 (rénzhǒng)
• 人種 / 人种 (rénzhǒng)
• 何種 / 何种
• 傳種 / 传种 (chuánzhǒng)
• 優勢種 / 优势种 (yōushìzhǒng)
• 六十種曲 / 六十种曲
• 兵種 / 兵种 (bīngzhǒng)
• 劇種 / 剧种 (jùzhǒng)
• 劣種 / 劣种 (lièzhǒng)
• 動物育種 / 动物育种
• 包種茶 / 包种茶 (bāozhòngchá)
• 原種 / 原种 (yuánzhǒng)
• 原種場 / 原种场 (yuánzhǒngchǎng)
• 同種 / 同种 (tóngzhǒng)
• 各種 / 各种 (gèzhǒng)
• 名種 / 名种
• 品種 / 品种 (pǐnzhǒng)
• 品種改良 / 品种改良
• 孬種 / 孬种 (nāozhǒng)
• 孽種 / 孽种
• 孽障種子 / 孽障种子
• 小業種 / 小业种
• 工種 / 工种 (gōngzhǒng)
• 引種 / 引种
• 役種 / 役种
• 情種 / 情种 (qíngzhǒng)
• 採樹種 / 采树种
• 採種 / 采种 (cǎizhǒng)
• 播種 / 播种
• 撒種 / 撒种 (sǎzhǒng)
• 播種機 / 播种机
• 擰種 / 拧种
• 斷根絕種 / 断根绝种
• 斷種 / 断种
• 書種 / 书种
• 有種 / 有种 (yǒuzhǒng)
• 棕色種 / 棕色种
• 業種 / 业种 (yèzhǒng)
• 浸種 / 浸种 (jìnzhǒng)
• 滅種 / 灭种 (mièzhǒng)
• 火種 / 火种 (huǒzhǒng)
• 物種 / 物种 (wùzhǒng)
• 特種 / 特种 (tèzhǒng)
• 特種作戰 / 特种作战
• 特種兵 / 特种兵 (tèzhǒngbīng)
• 特種工藝 / 特种工艺 (tèzhǒng gōngyì)
• 特種文書 / 特种文书
• 特種考試 / 特种考试
• 特種部隊 / 特种部队 (tèzhǒng bùduì)
• 特種鋼 / 特种钢
• 狗雜種 / 狗杂种 (gǒuzázhǒng)
• 獨根孤種 / 独根孤种
• 異種 / 异种 (yìzhǒng)
• 白種 / 白种 (báizhǒng)
• 白變種 / 白变种
• 禍種頭 / 祸种头
• 萬種 / 万种
• 萬種風情 / 万种风情
• 稅種 / 税种 (shuìzhǒng)
• 種人 / 种人
• 種仁 / 种仁
• 種切 / 种切
• 種別 / 种别 (zhǒngbié)
• 種名 / 种名
• 種姓 / 种姓 (zhǒngxìng)
• 種子 / 种子
• 種子球員 / 种子球员
• 種子網路 / 种子网路
• 種子隊 / 种子队
• 種性 / 种性
• 種族 / 种族 (zhǒngzú)
• 種族主義 / 种族主义 (zhǒngzúzhǔyì)
• 種族偏見 / 种族偏见
• 種族平等 / 种族平等
• 種族歧視 / 种族歧视 (zhǒngzú qíshì)
• 種族迫害 / 种族迫害
• 種族隔離 / 种族隔离 (zhǒngzú gélí)
• 種源中心 / 种源中心
• 種源論 / 种源论
• 種牛 / 种牛 (zhǒngniú)
• 種畜 / 种畜
• 種皮 / 种皮
• 種種 / 种种 (zhǒngzhǒng)
• 種間雜交 / 种间杂交
• 種類 / 种类 (zhǒnglèi)
• 種麻 / 种麻
• 稻種 / 稻种 (dàozhǒng)
• 純種 / 纯种 (chúnzhǒng)
• 絕種 / 绝种 (juézhǒng)
• 繆種流傳 / 缪种流传
• 育種 / 育种 (yùzhǒng)
• 胼胚種 / 胼胚种
• 良種 / 良种 (liángzhǒng)
• 謬種 / 谬种 (miùzhǒng)
• 謬種 / 谬种 (miùzhǒng)
• 讀書種子 / 读书种子
• 變種 / 变种 (biànzhǒng)
• 車種 / 车种 (chēzhǒng)
• 軍種 / 军种 (jūnzhǒng)
• 選種 / 选种
• 配種 / 配种 (pèizhǒng)
• 野種 / 野种 (yězhǒng)
• 鋼種 / 钢种
• 雜種 / 杂种 (zázhǒng)
• 雜種優勢 / 杂种优势
• 鹽水選種 / 盐水选种
• 麟種 / 麟种
• 黑種 / 黑种 (hēizhǒng)
• 龍種 / 龙种

 

See also

• (Taxonomy) 生物分類學／生物分类学; 域 (yù, “domain”), 界 (jiè, “kingdom”), 門／门 (mén, “phylum”), 綱／纲 (gāng, “class”), 目 (mù, “order”), 科 (kē, “family”), 屬／属 (shǔ, “genus”), 種／种 (zhǒng, “species”) ^{(Category: zh:Taxonomy)}

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zhòng (zhong⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥˋ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zung³

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): zuung¹

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chung
• Eastern Min (BUC): cé̤ṳng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zoeng⁴ / zyeng⁴
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): chèng / chiòng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): zêng³

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵tson

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhòng
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhòng
    • Wade–Giles: chung⁴
    • Yale: jùng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jonq
    • Palladius: чжун (čžun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: zung³
    • Yale: jung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzung³
    • Guangdong Romanization: zung³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ³³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: zuung¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɵŋ³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chung
    • Hakka Romanization System: zung
    • Hagfa Pinyim: zung⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: cé̤ṳng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡søyŋ²¹³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: zoeng⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sœŋ⁴²/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: zyeng⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡syøŋ⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chèng / chiòng
    • Tâi-lô: tsìng / tsiòng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zexng, cioxng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siɪŋ²¹/, /t͡siɔŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/, /t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ²¹/, /t͡siɔŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡siɪŋ¹¹/, /t͡siɔŋ¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪŋ²¹/, /t͡siɔŋ²¹/

Note:

• chèng - vernacular;
• chiòng - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: zêng³
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsèng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡seŋ²¹³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵tson
    • MiniDict: tson^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²tson
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡soŋ³⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: tsyowngH

Rime
Character	種
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	之用切
Baxter	tsyowngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕɨoŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕioŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕioŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cuawŋH/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕioŋH/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭwoŋH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯woŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhòng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zung3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*(mə-)toŋʔ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*tjoŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	種
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhòng
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyowngH ›
Old Chinese	/*(mə-)toŋʔ-s/
English	sow (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	種
Reading #	2/2
No.	17476
Phonetic component	重
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	種
Old Chinese	/*tjoŋs/
Notes	重轉註字

Definitions

種

1. ^† to sow; to strew
2. to grow; to plant; to cultivate

   種樹／种树  ―  zhòng shù  ―  to plant a tree

3. ^† to breed; to bring up
4. ^† to foster; to train
5. to transplant; to inoculate

Synonyms

• (to cultivate):

edit

• 培植 (péizhí)
• 栽
• 栽培 (zāipéi)
• 栽植 (zāizhí) (chiefly to transplant)
• 栽種 / 栽种 (zāizhòng)
• 植 (zhí) (literary, or in compounds)
• 樹 / 树 (shù) (obsolete)
• 盤栽 / 盘栽 (Xiamen Hokkien, chiefly to transplant, Zhangzhou Hokkien, chiefly to transplant)
• 移栽 (yízāi) (chiefly to transplant)
• 種植 / 种植 (zhòngzhí)
• 種樹 / 种树 (zhòngshù) (Classical Chinese)

 

Compounds

• 伯雍種玉
• 刀耕火種 / 刀耕火种 (dāogēnghuǒzhòng)
• 套種 / 套种
• 家種 / 家种
• 接種 / 接种
• 搶種 / 抢种
• 栽種 / 栽种 (zāizhòng)
• 火耕水種 / 火耕水种
• 火耕流種 / 火耕流种
• 種因 / 种因
• 種地 / 种地 (zhòngdì)
• 種德 / 种德 (zhòngdé)
• 種植 / 种植 (zhòngzhí)
• 種牛痘 / 种牛痘 (zhòng niúdòu)
• 種玉 / 种玉
• 種瓜得瓜 / 种瓜得瓜 (zhòngguādéguā)
• 種生 / 种生
• 種田 / 种田 (zhòngtián)
• 種痘 / 种痘 (zhòngdòu)
• 種花 / 种花 (zhònghuā)
• 種莊稼 / 种庄稼
• 種豆得豆 / 种豆得豆
• 種麥得麥 / 种麦得麦
• 耕種 / 耕种 (gēngzhòng)
• 芒種 / 芒种 (mángzhòng)
• 藍田種玉 / 蓝田种玉
• 複種 / 复种
• 輪種 / 轮种
• 隴種 / 陇种

 

Pronunciation 3

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): chóng (chong²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄔㄨㄥˊ

• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): toeng² / tyeng²

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: chóng
    • Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄥˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: chóng
    • Wade–Giles: chʻung²
    • Yale: chúng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chorng
    • Palladius: чун (čun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: toeng²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰœŋ¹³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: tyeng²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰyøŋ¹³/

Definitions

種

1. ^† cereal that is to plant early and to harvest lately
2. a surname

References

• “種”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “种”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 311.

Japanese

Kanji

種

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

1. seed
2. plant, sow
3. class, kind, variety
4. (taxonomy) species

Readings

• Go-on: しゅ (shu, Jōyō)^{←しゆ (syu, historical)}
• Kan-on: しょう (shō)^{←しよう (syou, historical)}
• Kun: たね (tane, 種, Jōyō)、くさ (kusa, 種)、くさわい (kusawai, 種)^{←くさはひ (kusafafi, 種, historical)}
• Nanori: おさ (osa)、おい (oi)、かず (kazu)、ぐさ (gusa)、しげ (shige)、た (ta)、ふさ (fusa)、ほ (ho)

Compounds

Compounds

• 種(しゅ)牛(ぎゅう) (shugyū)
• 種(しゅ)子(し) (shushi)
• 種(しゅ)馬(ば) (shuba)
• 種(しゅ)肥(ひ) (shuhi)
• 種(しゅ)卵(らん) (shuran)
• 種(しゅ)類(るい) (shurui)
• 人(じん)種(しゅ) (jinshu)
• 特(とく)種(しゅ) (tokushu)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
種
たね Grade: 4
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *tanay.

Alternative forms

• (bloodline, lineage): 胤

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) たね [táꜜnè] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ta̠ne̞]

Noun

種(たね) or 種(タネ) • (tane) 

1. a seed

   Synonym: 種子 (shushi)

2. a pit or stone in a fruit

   Synonym: 実 (sane)

3. a gamete (reproductive cell such as a spermatozoan or egg)
4. a lineage, bloodline

   Synonyms: 血統 (kettō), 血筋 (chisuji)

5. an origin, cause

   Synonyms: 根源 (kongen), 原因 (gen'in)

6. the materials or ingredients from which something is made

   Synonyms: 原料 (genryō), 材料 (zairyō)

7. capital, funds, seed money

   Synonyms: 元金 (gankin, motokin), 元手 (motode)

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 種(たね)明(あ)かし (taneakashi)
• 種(たね)井(い) (tanei), 種(たな)井(い) (tanai)
• 種(たね)板(いた) (taneita)
• 種(たね)芋(いも) (taneimo)
• 種(たね)牛(うし) (taneushi)
• 種(たね)馬(うま) (taneuma)
• 種(たね)選(えら)び (tane erabi)
• 種(たね)下(お)ろし (tane-oroshi)
• 種(たね)案山子(かかし) (tane kakashi)
• 種(たね)貸(か)し (tanekashi)
• 種(たね)子(が)島(しま) (Tanegashima)
• 種(たね)紙(がみ) (tanegami)
• 種(たね)川(かわ) (Tanekawa)
• 種(たね)変(がわ)り, 種(たね)変(が)わり (tane-gawari)
• 種(たね)切(ぎ)れ (tanegire)
• 種(たね)菌(きん) (tanekin)
• 種(たね)麹(こうじ) (tane kōji)
• 種(たね)肥(ごえ) (tanegoe)
• 種(たね)差(さし) (Tanesashi)
• 種(たね)字(じ) (taneji)
• 種(たね)酢(ず) (tanezu)
• 種(たね)銭(せん) (tanesen)
• 種(たね)田(だ) (taneda)
• 種(たね)卵(たまご) (tane tamago)
• 種(たね)俵(だわら) (tane-dawara)
• 種(たね)違(ちが)い (tanechigai)
• 種(たね)付(つ)け (tanetsuke)
• 種(たね)付(つ)け (tanetsuke)
• 種(たね)漬(つけ), 種(たね)漬(つ)け (tanetsuke)
• 種(たね)土(つち) (tanetsuchi)
• 種(たね)壺(つぼ) (tanetsubo)
• 種(たね)取(と)り (tanetori)
• 種(たね)無(な)し (tanenashi)
• 種(タネ)蠅(バエ) (tanebae)
• 種子(たね)鋏(‐ばさみ) (tane‐basami)
• 種(たね)腹(はら) (tanehara)
• 種(たね)版(ばん), 種(たね)板(ばん) (taneban)
• 種(たね)火(び) (tanebi)
• 種(たね)浸(ひた)し (tane hitashi)
• 種(たね)瓢(ふくべ) (tane fukube)
• 種(たね)豚(ぶた) (tanebuta)
• 種(たね)本(ほん) (tanehon)
• 種(たね)蒔(ま)き, 種(たね)播(ま)き (tanemaki)
• 種(たね)繭(まゆ) (tanemayu)
• 種(たね)雌(めす)牛(うし) (tane mesuushi)
• 種(たね)物(もの) (tanemono)
• 種(たね)籾(もみ) (tanemomi)
• 種(たね)屋(や) (taneya)
• 種(たね)山(やま) (Taneyama)
• 種(たね)綿(わた) (tanewata)
• 煎(い)り種(だね), 炒(い)り種(だね) (iridane)
• 噂(うわさ)の種(たね) (uwasa no tane)
• 粔籹(おこし)種(だね) (okoshi-dane)
• 御(オ)種(タネ)人(ニン)参(ジン) (otane ninjin)
• 柿(かき)の種(たね) (kaki no tane)
• 菓子(かし)種(だね) (kashidane)
• ガラス種(だね) (garasu-dane)
• 変(かわ)り種(だね), 変(か)わり種(だね) (kawari-dane)
• 客(きゃく)種(だね) (kyaku-dane)
• 黒(くろ)種(だね) (kurodane)
• 黒(クロ)種子(タネ)草(ソウ) (kurotanesō)
• 子(こ)種(だね) (kodane)
• 零(こぼ)れ種(だね) (koboredane)
• 質(しち)種(だね) (shichidane)
• 癪(しゃく)の種(たね) (shaku no tane)
• 新(しん)聞(ぶん)種(だね) (shinbun-dane)
• 鮨(すし)種(だね) (sushidane)
• 頭(ず)痛(つう)の種(たね) (zutsū no tane)
• 西(せい)洋(よう)種(‐だね) (seiyō‐dane)
• 艶(つや)種(だね) (tsuyadane)
• 特(とく)種(だね) (tokudane)
• 菜(ナ)種(タネ) (natane)
• 生(なま)種(だね) (namadane)
• 話(はなし)の種(たね) (hanashi no tane)
• 花(はな)種(だね) (hanadane)
• パン種(だね) (pan-dane)
• 火(ひ)種(だね) (hidane)
• 人(ひと)種(だね) (hitodane)
• 一(ひと)粒(つぶ)種(だね) (hitotsubu-dane)
• 服(ぶく)種(だね) (bukudane)
• フシギダネ (Fushigidane)
• 混(ま)じり種(だね), 雑(ま)じり種(だね) (majiridane)
• 飯(めし)の種(たね) (meshi no tane)
• 元(もと)種(だね) (motodane)
• 物(もの)種(だね) (monodane)
• 籾(もみ)種(だね) (momidane)
• 矢(や)種(だね) (yadane)
• 斎(ゆ)種(だね) (yudane)
• 綿(わた)種(だね) (watadane)
• 椀(わん)種(だね) (wandane)

Idioms

• 種(たね)が割(わ)れる (tane ga wareru, “crack seeds → realize truth”)
• 種(たね)を蒔(ま)く (tane o maku, “sow seeds → make a cause”)
• 種(たね)を宿(やど)す (tane o yadosu, “plant a seed → conceive”)

Proverbs

Proverbs

• 種(たね)も仕掛(しか)けもない (tane mo shikake mo nai)
• 商(あきな)いは草(くさ)の種(たね) (akinai wa kusa no tane, “trade is a grass seed”)
• 苦(く)は楽(らく)の種(たね) (ku wa raku no tane, “pain is the seed of suffering → hardship leads to happiness”)
• 権(ごん)兵衛(べえ)が種(たね)まきゃ烏(からす)がほじくる (Gonbē ga tane makya karasu ga hojikuru)
• 品(しな)玉(だま)も種(たね)から (shinadama mo tane kara, “seeds from above → nothing is done without preparation”)
• 生(すぎ)業(わい)は草(くさ)の種(たね) (sugiwai wa kusa no tane, “livelihood is a seed of grass”)
• 貧(ひん)は菩(ぼ)提(だい)の種(たね)富(とみ)は輪(りん)廻(ね)の絆(きずな) (hin wa bodai no tane tomi wa rinne no kizuna, “poverty leads to awakening, wealth bonds to rebirth”)
• 蒔(ま)かぬ種(たね)は生(は)えぬ (makanu tane wa haenu, “unplanted seed does not grow → no merit without effort”)
• 楽(らく)は苦(く)の種(たね)苦(く)は楽(らく)の種(たね) (raku wa ku no tane ku wa raku no tane, “pleasure is the seed of pain, pain is the seed of pleasure → something must come from something”)

See also

• 精(せい)子(し) (seishi, “sperm”)
• 卵(らん)子(し) (ranshi, “egg”)

Proper noun

種(たね) • (Tane) 

1. a female given name
2. a surname

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
種
くさ Grade: 4
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.

Possibly derived from or cognate with 草(くさ) (kusa, “grass”), from the way grass grows from its base, hence origin.

Alternative forms

• (cause of something): 草

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) くさ [kùsáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
• IPA^(key): [kɯ̟sa̠]

• Pitch accent for counter unknown.

Noun

種(くさ) • (kusa) 

1. an origin, cause
2. a type, class

   Synonyms: 種類 (shurui), 類い (tagui)

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 種(くさ)種(ぐさ), 種(くさ)々(ぐさ) (kusagusa)
• 遊(あそ)び種(ぐさ) (asobi-gusa)
• 扱(あつか)い種(ぐさ) (atsukaigusa)
• 言(い)い種(ぐさ) (iigusa)
• 思(おも)い種(ぐさ) (omoigusa)
• 託(かこ)ち種(ぐさ) (kakochigusa)
• 語(かた)り種(ぐさ) (katarigusa), 語(かた)らい種(ぐさ) (kataraigusa)
• 言(こと)種(ぐさ) (kotogusa)
• 言(こと)の葉(は)種(ぐさ) (kotonoha-gusa)
• 仕(し)種(ぐさ), 為(し)種(ぐさ) (shigusa)
• 質(しち)種(ぐさ) (shichigusa)
• 偲(しの)ぶ種(ぐさ) (shinobu-gusa)
• 謗(そし)り種(ぐさ) (soshirigusa)
• 染(そ)め種(くさ) (somekusa)
• 力(ちから)種(ぐさ) (chikaragusa)
• 千(ち)種(くさ) (chikusa), 千(ち)種(ぐさ) (chigusa)
• 茶(ちゃ)飲(の)み種(ぐさ) (chanomi-gusa)
• 手(て)種(ぐさ) (tegusa)
• 慰(なぐさ)み種(ぐさ) (nagusami-gusa)
• 慰(なぐさ)め種(‐ぐさ) (nagusame‐gusa)
• 七(なな)種(くさ) (nanakusa)
• 祓(はらえ)種(ぐさ) (harae-gusa)
• 燃(も)え種(くさ) (moekusa)
• 弄(もてあそ)び種(ぐさ), 玩(もてあそ)び種(ぐさ) (moteasobi-gusa)
• もて悩(なや)み種(ぐさ) (motenayami-gusa)
• 物(もの)種(ぐさ) (monogusa)
• 催(もよお)し種(ぐさ) (moyōshi-gusa)
• 焼(や)き種(くさ) (yakikusa)
• 忘(わす)れ種(ぐさ) (wasure-gusa)
• 笑(わら)い種(ぐさ) (waraigusa)
• 笑(わら)われ種(ぐさ) (waraware-gusa)

Counter

種(くさ) • (-kusa) 

1. counter for number of kinds or types

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 五(いつ)種(くさ) (itsukusa)
• 十(と)種(くさ) (tokusa)
• 一(ひと)種(くさ) (hitokusa)
• 三(み)種(くさ) (mikusa)
• 百(もも)種(くさ) (momokusa)
• 八(や)千(ち)種(くさ) (yachikusa)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
種
くさわい Grade: 4
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
種わい

⟨kusa papi₁⟩ → * /kusapapʲi/ → /kusafafi/ → /kusawawʲi/ → /kusawai/

Compound of 種(くさ) (kusa, “origin; type”) + 這(は)い (hai, “widely spread out”, the 連用形(れんようけい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of 這(は)う (hau, “to spread out widely”)).

Noun

種(くさわい) • (kusawai) ^{←くさはひ (kusafafi)?}

1. an origin, cause

   Synonym: 原因 (gen'in)

2. a type, class

   Synonyms: 種類 (shurui), 類い (tagui)

3. an interest, appeal

   Synonyms: 趣 (omomuki), 面白み (omoshiromi)

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
種
しゅ Grade: 4
on'yomi

/t͡ɕɨu/ → /ɕʲu/ → /ɕu/

From Middle Chinese 種 (MC tsyowngX).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) しゅ [shúꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ɕɨ]

Noun

種(しゅ) • (shu) 

1. a seed

   Synonym: 種子 (shushi)

2. a kind, type, sort, class, or category

   Synonyms: 種類 (shurui), 類い (tagui)

3. (taxonomy) a species

Coordinate terms

• (Taxonomy) 生物(せいぶつ)の分類(ぶんるい) (seibutsu no bunrui); ドメイン (domein, “domain”), 界(かい) (kai, “kingdom”), 門(もん) (mon, “phylum”), 綱(こう) (kō, “class”), 目(もく) (moku, “order”), 科(か) (ka, “family”), 属(ぞく) (zoku, “genus”), 種(しゅ) (shu, “species”) ^{(Category: ja:Taxonomy)}

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 種(しゅ)種(しゅ) (shushu), 種(しゅ)種(じゅ) (shuju)
• 種(しゅ)概(がい)念(ねん) (shugainen)
• 種(しゅ)雄(ゆう)牛(ぎゅう) (shuyūgyū)
• 一(いっ)種(しゅ) (isshu)
• 五(ご)種(しゅ) (goshu)
• 三(さん)種(しゅ) (sanshu), 三(さん)種(じゅ) (sanju)
• 十(じっ)種(しゅ) (jisshu)
• 六(ろく)種(しゅ) (rokushu)

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 種 (MC tsyowngX, “seed”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	죠ᇰ〯 (Yale: cyǒng)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
	Gloss (hun)	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2]	ᄡᅵ〮 (Yale: psí)	죠ᇰ〯 (Yale: cyǒng)

Pronunciation

• (seed; kernel):
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕo̞ŋ]
  • Phonetic hangul: [종]
• (kind; sort; etc.):
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕo̞(ː)ŋ]
  • Phonetic hangul: [종(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource

種 (eumhun 씨 종 (ssi jong))

1. hanja form^? of 종 (“seed; kernel”)
2. hanja form^? of 종 (“kind; sort; type”)
3. hanja form^? of 종 (“(taxonomy) species”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 모종 (某種, mojong)
• 을종 (乙種, euljong)
• 아종 (亞種, ajong)
• 업종 (業種, eopjong)
• 각종 (各種, gakjong)
• 일종 (一種, iljong)
• 인종 (人種, injong)
• 종류 (種類, jongnyu)
• 특종 (特種, teukjong)
• 종목 (種目, jongmok)
• 변종 (變種, byeonjong)
• 직종 (職種, jikjong)
• 종자 (種子, jongja)
• 종족 (種族, jongjok)
• 멸종 (滅種, myeoljong)
• 토종 (土種, tojong)
• 동종 (同種, dongjong)
• 종종 (種種, jongjong)
• 품종 (品種, pumjong)
• 순종 (純種, sunjong)
• 신종 (新種, sinjong)
• 종묘 (種苗, jongmyo)
• 잡종 (雜種, japjong)
• 별종 (別種, byeoljong)
• 수종 (樹種, sujong)
• 갑종 (甲種, gapjong)
• 희종 (稀種, huijong)
• 어종 (魚種, eojong)
• 종별 (種別, jongbyeol)
• 차종 (車種, chajong)
• 채종 (採種, chaejong)
• 채종 (菜種, chaejong)
• 역종 (役種, yeokjong)
• 곡종 (穀種, gokjong)
• 과종 (果種, gwajong)
• 다종 (多種, dajong)
• 물종 (物種, muljong)
• 반종 (半種, banjong)
• 병종 (兵種, byeongjong)
• 본종 (本種, bonjong)
• 이종 (異種, ijong)
• 재종 (材種, jaejong)
• 절종 (絶種, jeoljong)
• 타종 (他種, tajong)
• 혈종 (血種, hyeoljong)
• 화종 (花種, hwajong)
• 양종 (良種, yangjong)
• 기종 (機種, gijong)
• 단종 (斷種, danjong)
• 독종 (毒種, dokjong)
• 묘종 (苗種, myojong)
• 범종 (犯種, beomjong)

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 種 (MC tsyowngH, “sow”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	죠ᇰ〮 (Yale: cyóng)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
	Gloss (hun)	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3]	시믈 (Yale: sìmùl)	죠ᇰ〮 (Yale: cyóng)

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕo̞ŋ]
• Phonetic hangul: [종]

Hanja

種 (eumhun 심을 종 (simeul jong))

1. hanja form^? of 종 (“to plant; to cultivate”)
2. hanja form^? of 종 (“to transplant; to inoculate”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 접종 (接種, jeopjong)
• 망종 (芒種, mangjong)
• 파종 (播種, pajong)
• 부종 (付種, bujong)
• 경종 (耕種, gyeongjong)
• 종식 (種植, jongsik)
• 종덕 (種德, jongdeok)
• 종두 (種痘, jongdu)
• 종과득과 (種瓜得瓜, jonggwadeukgwa)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese

Han character

種: Hán Việt readings: chủng (主(chủ)勇(dũng)切(thiết)), chũng
種: Nôm readings: giống, chỏng, chõng, chủng, trồng, chổng, truồng, giuống

1. chữ Hán form of chủng (“species; race; type; kind”).
2. Nôm form of giống (“kind; race; breed”).
3. Nôm form of trồng (“to plant”).

Compounds

• 芒種 (Mang chủng)