紅毛

See also: 红毛

Chinese

		red; revolutionary; prosperity red; revolutionary; prosperity; bonus; popular	hair; fur; one tenth of a yuan or dollar
trad. (紅毛)		紅	毛
simp. (红毛)		红	毛

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): hóngmáo

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄇㄠˊ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hung⁴ mou^4-2 / hung⁴ mou⁴

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): huung³ mau³ / huung³ mau^3*

• Eastern Min (BUC): è̤ng-mò̤
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): âng-mn̂g / âng-mô͘ / âng-mo͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ang⁵ mo⁵

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hóngmáo
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄇㄠˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hóngmáo
    • Wade–Giles: hung²-mao²
    • Yale: húng-máu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: horngmau
    • Palladius: хунмао (xunmao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xʊŋ³⁵ mɑʊ̯³⁵/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 紅毛 / 红毛 鴻毛 / 鸿毛

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: hung⁴ mou^4-2 / hung⁴ mou⁴
    • Yale: hùhng móu / hùhng mòuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hung⁴ mou^4-2 / hung⁴ mou⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: hung⁴ mou^4-2 / hung⁴ mou⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hʊŋ²¹ mou̯²¹⁻³⁵/, /hʊŋ²¹ mou̯²¹/
    • Homophones:

      edit edit 紅毛 / 红毛 鴻毛 / 鸿毛

Note: hung4 mou4-2 - “Caucasian”.

• • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: huung³ mau³ / huung³ mau^3*
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɵŋ²² ᵐbau²²/, /hɵŋ²² ᵐbau²²⁻²²⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: è̤ng-mò̤
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /øyŋ⁵³⁻³³ mo⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: âng-mn̂g
    • Tâi-lô: âng-mn̂g
    • Phofsit Daibuun: angmngg
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /aŋ²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /aŋ²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Penang, Singapore)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: âng-mô͘
    • Tâi-lô: âng-môo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: angmoo
    • IPA (Penang): /aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /aŋ¹³⁻²² mɔ̃¹³/
    • IPA (Singapore): /aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: âng-mo͘
    • Tâi-lô: âng-moo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: angmof
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /aŋ¹³⁻²² mɔ̃⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ang⁵ mo⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: âng mô
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mo⁵⁵/

Noun

紅毛

1. red hair (on animals)
2. (Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan, chiefly Hokkien and Teochew, derogatory) red-haired person; (by extension) Caucasian person; white person; ang moh
3. (Hokkien, historical, archaic) British or English person
4. (Hokkien, historical, archaic) Dutch person

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 西方人 (“Westerner; Caucasian”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		西方人, 西洋人, 洋人, 白人, 白種人
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	老外, 毛子
	Taiwan	洋人, 西洋人, 白人, 老外
	Malaysia	紅毛人
	Singapore	洋人, 外國佬
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	洋人, 洋鬼子
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	洋人
	Xi'an	洋人
Lanyin Mandarin	Lanzhou	洋人
Southwestern Mandarin	Wuhan	洋人, 高鼻子
	Liuzhou	番鬼佬
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	洋鬼子
Cantonese	Guangzhou	西人, 老西, 老番, 鬼佬, 番鬼佬, 鬼子佬, 紅毛頭, 紅毛 dated, 紅毛鬼 dated
	Hong Kong	西人, 白人, 鬼佬, 番鬼佬, 老番 dated, 紅毛鬼 dated, 白鬼 dated
	Macau	鬼佬
	Taishan	老番, 番鬼佬
	Kaiping (Chikan)	老番, 番鬼, 番鬼佬, 紅毛
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	鬼佬
	Singapore (Guangfu)	鬼佬
Gan	Nanchang	洋人
	Lichuan	洋人
	Pingxiang	洋人
Hakka	Meixian	番人, 番鬼仔
	Yudu	洋人
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	洋人, 西洋人, 阿啄仔, 鉤鼻仔, 紅毛番
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	洋人, 西洋人, 阿啄仔, 鉤鼻仔, 紅毛番
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	洋人, 西洋人, 阿啄仔, 鉤鼻仔, 紅毛番
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	洋人, 西洋人, 鉤鼻公, 紅毛番
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	洋人, 西洋人, 阿啄仔, 鉤鼻仔, 紅毛番
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	西洋人, 紅毛番
	Kuching (Hepo)	紅毛人
Southern Min	Xiamen	番仔, 阿啄仔, 紅毛番, 𧺤毛的, 番仔鬼
	Quanzhou	番仔, 紅毛番, 𧺤毛的
	Zhangzhou	番仔, 紅毛番, 𧺤毛的
	Kaohsiung	紅毛仔
	Changhua (Lukang)	阿啄仔
	Taichung	啄鼻仔
	Taichung (Wuqi)	阿啄仔
	Tainan	西洋儂, 阿啄仔, 啄鼻仔
	Taitung	阿啄仔
	Penang (Hokkien)	紅毛, 紅毛猴
	Singapore (Hokkien)	紅毛, 紅毛儂, 紅毛猴
	Manila (Hokkien)	化人, 白種人, 西洋儂, 西方人
	Shantou	番儂, 紅毛囝, 番囝
	Jieyang	紅毛, 紅毛囝, 紅毛鬼
	Singapore (Teochew)	紅毛, 紅毛儂
	Leizhou	鉤鼻鬼
	Haikou	番鬼, 紅毛, 高鼻綠目, 高鼻塌目
Wu	Shanghai	洋人
	Wenzhou	番人, 高鼻頭
Xiang	Changsha	紅毛洋人, 洋人子, 洋人

Derived terms

• 紅毛人 / 红毛人
• 紅毛冬節 / 红毛冬节
• 紅毛厝 / 红毛厝
• 紅毛囝 / 红毛囝
• 紅毛國 / 红毛国
• 紅毛城 / 红毛城 (Hóngmáochéng)
• 紅毛塗 / 红毛涂
• 紅毛婆 / 红毛婆 (hóngmáopó)
• 紅毛字 / 红毛字 (hóngmáozì)
• 紅毛榴蓮 / 红毛榴莲 (hóngmáo liúlián)
• 紅毛樓 / 红毛楼
• 紅毛毯 / 红毛毯
• 紅毛泥 / 红毛泥
• 紅毛港 / 红毛港 (Hóngmáogǎng)
• 紅毛灰 / 红毛灰
• 紅毛番 / 红毛番 (hóngmáofān)
• 紅毛茄 / 红毛茄
• 紅毛草 / 红毛草
• 紅毛話 / 红毛话
• 紅毛鬼 / 红毛鬼 (hóngmáoguǐ)

 

Descendants

• → English: ang moh, angmoh, ang mo
• → Thai: อั้งม้อ (âng-mɔ́ɔ), อั้งม่อ (âng-mɔ̂ɔ), อั้งหม้อ (âng-mɔ̂ɔ)

Further reading

• Douglas, Carstairs (1873) “âng-mn̂g”, in Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, [With 1923 Supplement after the Appendix by Thomas Barclay, Shanghai: Commercial Press, Ltd.] edition (overall work in Hokkien and English), London: Trübner & Co., page 5; New Edition (With Chinese Character Glosses) edition, London: Presbyterian Church of England, 1899, page 5
• Van der Loon, Piet (1967) “The Manila Incunabula and Early Hokkien Studies, Part 2”, in Asia Major (New Series)‎^[1], volume 13, page 104

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
紅	毛
こう Grade: 6	もう Grade: 2
on'yomi

Possibly coined in Japan of Middle Chinese-derived elements 紅 (kō, “red, crimson”) +‎ 毛 (mō, “hair”).

Alternatively, possibly from Middle Chinese compound 紅毛 (MC huwng maw).

Compare modern Mandarin 紅毛 / 红毛 (hóngmáo).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) こーもー [kòómóó] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ko̞ːmo̞ː]

Noun

紅(こう)毛(もう) • (kōmō) 

1. red hair

   Synonym: (more general term for a redhead) 赤毛 (akage)

2. during the Edo period, an epithet for the Dutch, contrasting with the term 南蛮 (nanban, literally “Southern barbarians”) used for the Spanish and Portuguese
3. in modern times, an epithet for Westerners or Europeans

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 紅毛画 (こうもうが, ​kōmōga): during the Edo period, western pictures that were imported into Japan through Dutch-controlled Nagasaki; those Japanese-produced pictures that were influenced by western artwork
• 紅毛人 (こうもうじん, ​kōmōjin): during the Edo period, an epithet for a Dutch person, contrasting with the term 南蛮 (nanban, literally “Southern barbarians”) used for the Spanish and Portuguese
• 紅毛船 (こうもうせん, ​kōmōsen): an epithet for European trading ships that visited Japan in the late 1600s, primarily from the Netherlands, contrasting with the term 南蛮船 (nanbansen, literally “Southern barbarian ship”) used for ships from Spain and Portugal
• 紅毛碧眼 (こうもうへきがん, ​kōmō hekigan): literally “red hair, blue eyes” → a Westerner

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
紅	毛
Grade: 6	Grade: 2
irregular

By extension from the red hair meaning being applied to the Dutch, used as jukujikun (熟字訓) for オランダ (Oranda, “Holland”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) オランダ [òráńdá] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [o̞ɾã̠nda̠]

Proper noun

紅毛(オランダ) or 紅毛(おらんだ) • (Oranda) 

1. (obsolete) Holland, the Netherlands

Usage notes

This reading was used primarily during the Edo period, and has since fallen out of use.