虜

See also: 虏

虜 U+865C, 虜 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-865C ← 虛 [U+865B] CJK Unified Ideographs 虝 → [U+865D]

虜 U+F936, 虜 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F936 ← 蘆 [U+F935] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 路 → [U+F937]

虜 U+2F9B4, 虜 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9B4 ← 虐 [U+2F9B3] CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 虧 → [U+2F9B5]

Translingual

Han character

虜 (Kangxi radical 141, 虍+6, 13 strokes, cangjie input 卜心田大尸 (YPWKS), four-corner 2122₇, composition ⿸虍男(GHJV) or ⿸虍⿱⿻毌力(TK) or ⿸虍⿱⿻囗十力(TK))

Traditional	虜
Simplified	虏
Japanese	虜
Korean	虜

Derived characters

• 𠿛, 𢢛, 擄, 𪷓, 𭧷, 㯭, 艣, 鐪, 䲐, 𩯜, 㢚, 𤺿

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1074, character 13
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32710
• Dae Jaweon: page 1542, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2827, character 3
• Unihan data for U+865C

• Unihan data for U+F936

• Unihan data for U+2F9B4

Chinese

trad.		虜
simp.		虏*

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (虍) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
唬	*qʰraːs, *kʷraːɡ
戲	*qʰral, *qʰrals, *qʰaː
巇	*qʰra
隵	*qʰra
嚱	*qʰras
盧	*b·raː
鑪	*raː
壚	*raː
籚	*raː
蘆	*raː, *ra
顱	*b·raː
髗	*b·raː
鱸	*raː
攎	*raː
櫨	*raː
轤	*raː
黸	*raː
獹	*raː
鸕	*raː
艫	*raː
纑	*raː
瀘	*raː
瓐	*raː
爐	*raː
嚧	*raː
矑	*b·raː
罏	*raː
蠦	*raː
虜	*raːʔ
擄	*raːʔ
艣	*raːʔ
鐪	*raːʔ
虖	*qʰaː, *qʰʷa, *qʰaː, *qʰʷa
虍	*qʰaː
雐	*qʰʷlaː
虎	*qʰlaːʔ
琥	*qʰlaːʔ
萀	*qʰlaːʔ
臚	*b·ra
廬	*ra
驢	*b·ra
藘	*ra
爈	*ra, *ras
櫖	*ra, *ras
儢	*raʔ
慮	*ras
勴	*ras
鑢	*ras
濾	*ras
攄	*r̥ʰa
處	*kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas
豦	*kas, *ɡa
據	*kas
鐻	*kas, *ɡa, *ɡaʔ
澽	*kas, *ɡas
虛	*kʰa, *qʰa
墟	*kʰa
懅	*ɡa
蘧	*ɡa, *ɡʷa
籧	*ɡa
醵	*ɡa, *ɡas, *ɡaɡ
璩	*ɡa
虡	*ɡaʔ
遽	*ɡas
勮	*ɡas
噓	*qʰa, *qʰas
驉	*qʰa
歔	*qʰa
魖	*qʰa
膚	*pla
虧	*kʰʷral
噱	*ɡaɡ
臄	*ɡaɡ
劇	*ɡaɡ
諕	*qʰʷraːɡ

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): lǔ, luǒ (lu³, luo³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨˇ, ㄌㄨㄛˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): lou⁵
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ló͘

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: lǔ
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄨˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lǔ
    • Wade–Giles: lu³
    • Yale: lǔ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luu
    • Palladius: лу (lu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lu²¹⁴/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan; Beijing dialect)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: luǒ
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄛˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: luǒ
    • Wade–Giles: lo³
    • Yale: lwǒ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luoo
    • Palladius: ло (lo)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lu̯ɔ²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: lou⁵
    • Yale: lóuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lou⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: lou⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lou̯¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ló͘
    • Tâi-lô: lóo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lor
    • IPA (Xiamen): /lɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /lɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /lɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔ⁴¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: luX

Rime
Character	虜
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	郎古切
Baxter	luX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/luoX/
Pan Wuyun	/luoX/
Shao Rongfen	/loX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɔX/
Li Rong	/loX/
Wang Li	/luX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/luoX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lou5

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.rˤaʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*raːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	虜
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ luX ›
Old Chinese	/*C.rˁaʔ/
English	captive; imprison
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	虜
Reading #	1/1
No.	5222
Phonetic component	虍
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	魯
Old Chinese	/*raːʔ/

Definitions

虜

1. to capture; to imprison
2. to plunder; to rob
3. captive; prisoner of war

   • 獻民虜者操右袂。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     献民虏者操右袂。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE

     Xiànmínlǔzhě cāo yòumèi. [Pinyin]

     He who is presenting a captive should hold him by the right sleeve.

4. (literary, derogatory) enemy

   • 虜不虞軍至，因大潰。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     虏不虞军至，因大溃。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     From: The New Book of Tang, 1060 CE

     Lǔ bù yú jūn zhì, yīn dà kuì. [Pinyin]

     The enemies did not anticipate the armies' arrival, so they were utterly routed.

5. (literary, derogatory) northern barbarian

   • 是以北人詆南為島夷，南人指北為索虜，在當日之人，不務修德行仁，而徒事口舌相譏，已為至卑至陋之見。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     是以北人诋南为岛夷，南人指北为索虏，在当日之人，不务修德行仁，而徒事口舌相讥，已为至卑至陋之见。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     From: 18th century, Yongzheng Emperor,《大義覺迷錄》"Resolving Confusion with a Discourse on Righteousness", translated by Devin Fitzgerald & annotated by Maura Dykstra

     Shìyǐ běirén dǐ nán wèi dǎoyí, nánrén zhǐ běi wèi suǒlǔ, zài dāngrì zhī rén, bù wù xiūdé xíngrén, ér tú shì kǒushé xiàng jī, yǐ wèi zhìbēi zhìlòu zhī jiàn. [Pinyin]

     So, the northerners began to slander southerners by calling them “isolated outlanders” and southerners began pointing to northerns as “braided savages.” During that time, people did not labor to perfect virtue and practice righteousness. Instead, they served the trivial matter of ridiculing each other, making their perspective only crude and base.

6. (literary) slave; servant

   • 爵吏而為縣尉，則賜虜，六加五千六百。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     爵吏而为县尉，则赐虏，六加五千六百。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Lord Shang, circa 3^rd century BCE, translated based on J.J.L. Duyvendak's version

     Juélì ér wèi xiànwèi, zé cì lǔ, liù jiā wǔqiān liùbǎi. [Pinyin]

     When an officer is raised to the rank of a district commander [...] then he is presented with six prisoner-slaves, and provided with 5,000 soldiers and an income of 600 piculs of grain.

Compounds

• 俘虜 / 俘虏 (fúlǔ)
• 守財虜 / 守财虏
• 守錢虜 / 守钱虏
• 寇虜 / 寇虏
• 強虜 / 强虏
• 索虜 / 索虏
• 索頭虜 / 索头虏
• 胡虜 / 胡虏 (húlǔ)
• 虜獲 / 虏获 (lǔhuò)
• 虜餌 / 虏饵
• 討虜 / 讨虏
• 販鹽虜 / 贩盐虏
• 鄧虜淪敦 / 邓虏沦敦
• 醜虜 / 丑虏
• 韃虜 / 鞑虏 (dálǔ)

 

Japanese

Shinjitai	虜
Kyūjitai	虜 虜 or 虜+︀?
	虜󠄀 虜+󠄀? (Adobe-Japan1)
	虜󠄃 虜+󠄃? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

虜

(Jōyō kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: る (ru)
• Kan-on: ろ (ro)
• Kan’yō-on: りょ (ryo, Jōyō)
• Kun: つよい (tsuyoi, 虜い)^{←つよし (tuyosi, 虜し, historical)}、とりこ (toriko, 虜)

Noun

虜(とりこ) • (toriko) 

1. prisoner, captive, slave

Alternative forms

• 擒
• 俘

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 虜 (MC luX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	Recorded as Middle Korean 롱〯 (Yale: lwǒ?) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
	Gloss (hun)	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527	되〯 로〮	Recorded as Middle Korean 로〮 (lwó) (Yale: lwó) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575	되 로 / 사ᄅᆞ자ᄇᆞᆯ 로	Recorded as Middle Korean 로 (lwo) (Yale: lwo) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɾo̞] ~ [no̞]
• Phonetic hangul: [로/노]

Hanja

Wikisource

虜 (eumhun 사로잡을 로 (sarojabeul ro), word-initial (South Korea) 사로잡을 노 (sarojabeul no))

1. hanja form^? of [[로/노#Korean:_虜|로/노]] (“to capture”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 포로 (捕虜, poro)
• 노획 (虜獲, nohoek)
• 부로 (俘虜, buro)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

虜: Hán Việt readings: lỗ
虜: Nôm readings: lũ

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.