鍛

See also: 煅 and 锻

鍛 U+935B, 鍛 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-935B ← 鍚 [U+935A] CJK Unified Ideographs 鍜 → [U+935C]

Translingual

Han character

鍛 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+9, 17 strokes, cangjie input 金竹十水 (CHJE), four-corner 8714₇, composition ⿰釒段)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1314, character 9
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40625
• Dae Jaweon: page 1814, character 26
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4233, character 1
• Unihan data for U+935B

Chinese

trad.		鍛
simp.		锻
2nd round simp.		煅

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (段) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
鍛	*toːns
腶	*toːns
碫	*toːns
瑖	*toːns
緞	*doːnʔ, *doːns
段	*doːns
椴	*doːns
毈	*doːns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *toːns) : semantic 釒 (“metal”) + phonetic 段 (OC *doːns).

Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m-t(w)a ~ *(t/d)u (“hammer, strike, slap”), provisionally set up by STEDT, and cognate with 碓 (OC *tuːls, “pestle”), Burmese တူ (tu, “hammer”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): duàn (duan⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄢˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): dyun³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thon
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): toàn / thoàn

  (Teochew, Peng'im): duêng³ / duang³

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: duàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: duàn
    • Wade–Giles: tuan⁴
    • Yale: dwàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duann
    • Palladius: дуань (duanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu̯än⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: dyun³
    • Yale: dyun
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dyn³
    • Guangdong Romanization: dün³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tyːn³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thon
    • Hakka Romanization System: ton
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ton⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /tʰon⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: toàn
    • Tâi-lô: tuàn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: doaxn
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /tuan²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tuan¹¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tuan⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thoàn
    • Tâi-lô: thuàn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: toaxn
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰuan²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tʰuan¹¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: duêng³ / duang³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tuèng / tuàng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tueŋ²¹³/, /tuaŋ²¹³/

Note:

• duêng3 - Chaozhou;
• duang3 - Shantou.

---

• Middle Chinese: twanH

Rime
Character	鍛
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	桓 (62)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	丁貫切
Baxter	twanH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuɑnH/
Pan Wuyun	/tʷɑnH/
Shao Rongfen	/tuɑnH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/twanH/
Li Rong	/tuɑnH/
Wang Li	/tuɑnH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tuɑnH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	duàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dyun3

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*toːns/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鍛
Reading #	1/1
No.	2529
Phonetic component	段
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	鍛
Old Chinese	/*toːns/

Definitions

鍛

1. to forge; to shape metal

   鍛造／锻造  ―  duànzào  ―  to forge

2. to temper; to refine

Compounds

• 日鍛月煉 / 日锻月炼
• 月鍛季煉 / 月锻季炼
• 百鍛千練 / 百锻千练
• 鍛件 / 锻件 (duànjiàn)
• 鍛冶 / 锻冶 (duànyě)
• 鍛壓 / 锻压
• 鍛工 / 锻工
• 鍛打 / 锻打
• 鍛接 / 锻接
• 鍛模 / 锻模
• 鍛焊 / 锻焊
• 鍛燒 / 锻烧
• 鍛矢 / 锻矢
• 鍛造 / 锻造 (duànzào)
• 鍛錘 / 锻锤
• 鍛鍊 / 锻炼 (duànliàn)
• 鍛鐵 / 锻铁 (duàntiě)

 

Japanese

Kanji

鍛

(Jōyō kanji)

1. to forge
2. to toughen
3. workout, discipline, training

Readings

• Go-on: たん (tan, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: たん (tan, Jōyō)
• Kun: きたえる (kitaeru, 鍛える, Jōyō)^{←きたへる (kitaferu, 鍛へる, historical)}
• Nanori: かじ (kaji)^{←かぢ (kadi, historical)}

Compounds

• 鍛冶(かじ) (kaji)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
鍛
たん Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 鍛 (MC twanH).

Affix

鍛(たん) • (tan) 

1. forging, smithing
2. (by extension) refining, disciplining (of the mind, body, etc.)

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 鍛(たん)戸(こ) (tanko)
• 鍛(たん)工(こう) (tankō)
• 鍛(たん)鋼(こう) (tankō)
• 鍛(たん)接(せつ) (tansetsu)
• 鍛(たん)造(ぞう) (tanzō)
• 鍛(たん)鉄(てつ) (tantetsu)
• 鍛(たん)冶(や) (tan'ya)
• 鍛(たん)錬(れん) (tanren)
• 可(か)鍛(たん)性(せい) (katansei)
• 鋳(ちゅう)鍛(たん) (chūtan)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
鍛
きた(え) Grade: S
kun'yomi

Nominalization of 鍛え (kitae, “forging”).

Proper noun

鍛(きたえ) • (Kitae) ^{←きたへ (Kitafe)?}

1. a male given name

Korean

Hanja

鍛 (eumhun 불릴 단 (bullil dan))

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Compounds

• 단련 (鍛鍊, dallyeon)

Old Japanese

Etymology

⟨kana uti⟩ → ⟨kanuti⟩

Originally a compound of 金 (kana, combining form of kane, “metal”) +‎ 打ち (uti, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 打つ (utu), “to strike”).

Noun

鍛 (kanuti) (kana かぬち)

1. the forging of metal; also such a person who forges metal: a metalsmith, smith

Derived terms

• 鍛部 (kanutibe₂)
• 鍛冶司 (kanuti no₂ tukasa)
• 韓鍛 (Kara kanuti)

Descendants

• Japanese: 鍛冶 (kaji)

Vietnamese

Han character

鍛: Hán Nôm readings: đoán, đoàn

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